deer-flow/backend/packages/harness/deerflow/skills/AGENTS.md

Skills System (packages/harness/deerflow/skills/)

• Location: global public skills live under deer-flow/skills/public/; user-authored custom skills live under {DEER_FLOW_HOME}/users/{user_id}/skills/custom/; globally managed integration skills live under {DEER_FLOW_HOME}/integrations/skills/{provider}/; per-user integration credentials remain under {DEER_FLOW_HOME}/users/{user_id}/integrations/{provider}/{config,data}
• Format: Directory with SKILL.md (YAML frontmatter: name, description, license, allowed-tools as a spec-compatible string or YAML list, argument-hint, required-secrets). Exact portable spellings such as Bash, WebFetch, WebSearch, Glob, Grep, Read, Write, and Edit map to bash, web_fetch, web_search, glob, grep, read_file, write_file, and str_replace; lowercase or otherwise unknown scalar names and YAML-list entries preserve their exact runtime spelling. Argument-scoped entries remain literal and inactive because the tool policy does not inspect arguments; the scalar tokenizer keeps spaces, quotes, and escaped parentheses inside patterns intact.
• Loading: load_skills() recursively scans public, per-user custom, global integration, and legacy custom locations for SKILL.md, parses metadata, and reads enabled state from extensions_config.json plus per-user skill state for non-public categories; that directory is a package boundary, so no nested SKILL.md is registered as a runtime skill. A custom skill directory may be a one-level symlink to an external directory for compatibility with operator-managed skill trees; activation still rejects a symlinked SKILL.md or deeper path escape. SkillScan has a deliberately narrower packaging rule: known eval fixtures are permitted as support data, while other nested SKILL.md files are reported as package defects. It parses runtime metadata and reads enabled state from extensions_config.json.
• External reload: POST /api/skills/reload is an admin-only, process-local invalidation hook for trusted MinIO/NFS/CSI writes. SkillStorage instances do not cache a catalog — load_skills() scans on every call — so the route clears all (app_config, user_id) entries and the rendered prompt-section LRU, then waits up to the shared refresh timeout for the existing off-loop single-flight refresh. Each invalidation receives a generation-bound result handle; a successful scan atomically replaces the global enabled-skills cache, while a loader-level failure propagates to the HTTP waiter and preserves the last-known-good global cache. Per-user/config scans capture the refresh version and cannot repopulate shared caches if invalidation occurs while they are loading. A timed-out HTTP wait fails generically while the daemon refresh worker continues. Subsequent runs rescan after a successful reload; active runs keep their existing snapshot. Each Uvicorn worker/Kubernetes Pod must be targeted separately. Direct mount writes bypass install/edit validation, SkillScan, and history, so mounted roots are an operator-controlled trust boundary.
• Tool policy: Agent allowed-tools declarations apply dynamically only to slash-activated skills and skills captured in ThreadState.skill_context through configured read_file loads; passive enabled skills and skill allowlists do not clamp the baseline tool set. A lead custom Agent's explicit skills list is additionally enforced at the sandbox filesystem layer (see Sandbox projection); subagent skill lists still scope discovery and activation only because concurrently delegated subagents share the lead thread sandbox. Subagents render only skill discovery metadata at startup and reuse the same adjacent SkillActivationMiddleware + SkillToolPolicyMiddleware pair as the lead; their configured skills field limits discovery and activation instead of eagerly loading bodies or unioning policies. Slash policy is dominant for its run, preventing subsequently read skills from widening explicit authority; autonomous captured skills use the existing union only when no slash source exists. tool_search and describe_skill stay available as framework discovery infrastructure, while every discovered or promoted business tool still requires active-policy permission for schema visibility and execution; task, list_background_tasks, and cancel_background_task likewise require explicit declarations. Each active model call intentionally reloads the full live registry so enable/disable changes, frontmatter edits, and custom/public name-shadow winners take effect without a stale TTL or unsafe direct-path cache; all tool calls produced by that model step reuse the resulting source-and-path-signed decision. Registry failures and all-invalid active sets fail closed, while stale individual paths are skipped when another valid skill remains. The dynamic allowed-tools policy remains best-effort behavioral scoping: alternate loading paths are not captured and bounded autonomous context may evict entries.
• Sandbox projection: skills/projection.py materializes enabled-only shared trees at {base_dir}/skills_view/public and {base_dir}/users/{user_id}/skills_view/{custom,legacy,integrations}. A lead Agent with an explicit skills allowlist (including []) gets the intersection of enabled public/user-visible skills and that allowlist at {base_dir}/users/{user_id}/threads/{thread_id}/skills_view/{public,custom,legacy,integrations}. skills=None keeps the shared zero-copy mount until a thread has used an explicit policy; later unrestricted runs repopulate the same stable thread root with all enabled skills. Rebuilds sign source state, view state, and normalized policy in a manifest, revoke every old category before adding the new policy, stage copies in temporary directories, and atomically replace files. Category root inodes stay stable for live bind mounts; concurrent readers can briefly see fewer skills during a policy change, never a skill revoked by the new policy. Policy-scoped copies reject absolute symlinks and relative symlinks that resolve outside their own skill package, preventing a permitted package from linking back to an omitted source. It copies files into the view (_copy_into_view) so a sandbox write cannot mutate the canonical skill inode; the operational trade-off is an O(total bytes) I/O and per-user/thread storage multiplier across rebuilds, prioritized for write isolation over zero-copy hardlinks. Steady-state freshness checks combine source and view metadata tree digests, so in-sandbox view tampering is detected and repaired on the next acquire. Storage writes, archive installs, deletes, and toggles rebuild shared scopes under a cross-process lock; Gateway boot ensures only the shared public view, user views are repaired lazily on acquire, and Agent thread views are recomputed before sandbox reuse. Managed integration packages are global, but their projected category is per-user because enabled state is isolated. User projection rebuilds re-read global enable state from disk instead of the process singleton, so a toggle handled by another Gateway worker is reflected on the next acquire. Gateway public-skill toggles take the public projection lock before the shared extensions_config_write_lock, re-read an existing config from disk, persist the full model shape, and rebuild before responding; keep this as one worker-owned critical section so MCP writes cannot interleave and request cancellation cannot release either lock while the worker still runs. The shared public steady-state signature check runs without the global projection lock; stale/error paths take the lock and re-check before rebuilding or clearing. User and thread scope checks are serialized per scope. Projection failures clear the affected view before raising.
• Injection (legacy / default): Enabled skills are listed in the agent system prompt with full metadata and container paths (<available_skills> block). Controlled by skills.deferred_discovery: false (default).
• Deferred discovery (skills.deferred_discovery: true): Skills are listed by name only in a compact <skill_index> block, keeping the system prompt prefix-cache friendly. The agent calls the describe_skill tool at runtime to fetch full metadata for skills it wants to use, then loads the SKILL.md via read_file. Two new modules support this path:
  • skills/catalog.py — SkillCatalog (immutable, searchable; query forms: select:a,b, +prefix, free-text regex); select: returns all requested skills without a result cap; other modes cap at MAX_RESULTS=5.
  • skills/describe.py — build_describe_skill_tool(catalog) builds the describe_skill tool as a closure; build_skill_search_setup(skills, enabled, ...) produces a SkillSearchSetup(describe_skill_tool, skill_names) that is wired into both the LangGraph agent factory (agent.py) and the embedded client (client.py).
• Slash activation: /skill-name task loads that enabled skill's SKILL.md for the current model call only. The resolver rejects leading whitespace, missing separators, reserved channel commands (/new, /help, /bootstrap, /status, /models, /memory, /goal, /agent), disabled skills, and skills outside a custom agent's whitelist.
• Installation: POST /api/skills/install extracts .skill ZIP archive to custom/ directory
• Managed integrations: Lark/Feishu CLI support installs one global official lark-* pack as read-only SkillCategory.INTEGRATION entries under /mnt/skills/integrations/lark-cli/...; enabled flags, app configuration, and OAuth data remain per-user. Install resolves the newest larksuite/cli release from GitHub (releases/latest) at install time (falling back to a bottom-line pinned version if the lookup fails) rather than hard-coding the pack version; integrity relies on the official host + structural archive guards + a recorded hash of the effective installed tree after shared guidance injection (not a pinned archive-byte SHA, which GitHub does not keep stable). The Gateway image still installs a pinned @larksuite/cli binary, so get_lark_integration_status surfaces latest_available_version and runtime_version_mismatch for the UI. AIO installs additionally verify and publish official Linux amd64/arm64 binaries under {DEER_FLOW_HOME}/integrations/lark-cli/sandbox-cli, mounted read-only at /mnt/integrations/lark-cli/runtime; /mnt/integrations/lark-cli/config (app credentials, incl. the long-lived appSecret) is mounted read-only into the sandbox, its empty config/locks subdirectory is over-mounted writable for lark-cli coordination files, and /mnt/integrations/lark-cli/data (refreshable OAuth tokens) stays writable, all mapping to owner-only per-user directories. Sandbox trust boundary: the credential-bearing config and data dirs are still readable by arbitrary sandbox processes (the agent's bash tool, or code reached via prompt-injection in a tool result), so the app secret and tokens are exposed to sandbox-side code even though they never reach the browser — the read-only config mount only prevents in-sandbox tampering, not read/exfiltration. The sidecar credential-broker (Pattern B, issue #4338) is the fix that removes these plaintext mounts from sandbox execution: set LARK_CLI_BROKER_IMAGE on the provisioner (see docker/lark-cli-broker/) and the Gateway sends provision_lark_cli_broker on sandbox create. The provisioner then runs a lark-cli-broker sidecar that owns the per-user config/config/locks/data mounts (mounted into the sidecar only, at /var/lark/{config,config/locks,data} with only the nested locks mount writable) and serves the lark-cli command surface on Pod loopback (http://127.0.0.1:8788); a shim init container (install-shim) writes a forwarding lark-cli into the shared runtime emptyDir, so the sandbox gets DEERFLOW_LARK_BROKER_URL + a shim on PATH but no credential files. The on-PATH bin/lark-cli is a /bin/sh launcher that resolves a Python 3 interpreter and execs the Python shim body (bin/lark-cli-shim.py) beside it, so broker mode does not silently ENOEXEC on a sandbox image without a #!/usr/bin/env python3-resolvable interpreter — it fails loudly (exit 127, actionable message) and can be pinned with DEERFLOW_LARK_BROKER_PYTHON. The broker runs lark-cli in the sidecar's cwd and cannot see the sandbox filesystem, so cwd is intentionally not forwarded and file-I/O subcommands relative to the sandbox cwd are unsupported (command surface only). An optional DEERFLOW_LARK_BROKER_DENY_SUBCOMMANDS denylist (comma-separated command prefixes, forwarded from the provisioner) lets the broker refuse secret-dumping subcommands before spawning the binary. lark_cli_env_overlay(broker=True) therefore omits LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR/DATA_DIR; sandbox_lark_broker_active() (TTL-cached provisioner /api/capabilities probe, tight timeout + longer negative caching on the bash hot path) selects broker vs. binary mode for both the bash env overlay and status. DEER_FLOW_LARK_CLI_SANDBOX_RUNTIME_DIR supplies a validated, symlink-free pre-staged runtime for air-gapped deployments. For the remote provisioner (K8s), the runtime binary is otherwise provisioned by an optional init container + shared emptyDir (Pattern A): set LARK_CLI_INIT_IMAGE on the provisioner (see docker/lark-cli-init/) and the Gateway sends provision_lark_cli_runtime on sandbox create once the pack is installed, so remote installs skip the Gateway-side GitHub download entirely. Broker (Pattern B) supersedes the init-container binary (Pattern A) when both images are configured. get_lark_integration_status(check_runtime=True) surfaces sandbox_runtime_mode (none / gateway-download / init-container / broker) and sandbox_runtime_ready (remote modes read the provisioner GET /api/capabilities: lark_cli_init_image / lark_cli_broker_image) so a green UI can't hide a chat-time lark-cli: command not found. Cheap status probes are explicitly not live-verified; users authorize or reconnect through the browser device-flow endpoints instead of running terminal commands.
• SkillScan: packages/harness/deerflow/skills/skillscan/ is the native deterministic scanner for .skill archives and agent-managed skill writes. It runs offline before the LLM scanner, emits structured findings (rule_id, severity, file, line, message, remediation, redacted evidence — category/analyzer are encoded in the rule_id prefix), blocks CRITICAL, and passes warning findings into scan_skill_content(). The moderation adapter must normalize both plain-text responses and LangChain Responses API text blocks before parsing the required JSON decision. scan_archive_preflight() / scan_skill_dir() are pure sync functions (dispatch off the event loop); enforce_static_scan() applies the blocking policy and the skill_scan.enabled kill switch. The Python instance-client signal deliberately follows only a one-level, same-scope evidence chain (PR #4265 review): a proven imported constructor bound to a simple name, optional name-to-name alias propagation, rebinding invalidation, and a constructor-supported outbound method or context-manager use; bare canonical-looking names never fall back to module identity. Nested scopes never inherit client handles and inherit only constructor aliases proven stable by a binding-only enclosing-scope prepass. Comprehensions, walrus-bearing statements, annotations, executable expressions inside complex binding targets, unsupported operations, and ambiguous flows produce no finding from this signal; skipped constructs invalidate all names they may bind, while representative false negatives are pinned by test_python_declared_false_negatives_stay_unreported. Compound bodies are walked from isolated copies so wrapping code in if True: is not a bypass, while copied scope entries, binding-only prepasses, and AST visits consume a deterministic work budget and the walk stops after its first sink. Budget or recursion exhaustion skips only this best-effort signal and retains deterministic findings already collected for the file. Do not add Semgrep/OpenGrep or YAML rule-engine dependencies to the core path; Phase 1 rule specs live in Python constants next to their analyzers in skillscan/orchestrator.py.
• Skill Review Core: packages/harness/deerflow/skills/review/ provides read-only package snapshots, deterministic facts, resource/eval analysis, report rendering, and the CLI (python -m deerflow.skills.review.cli). It reuses the shared frontmatter helper and SkillScan; it must not import app.*, execute target scripts, install dependencies, or call networks. JSON contracts live in contracts/skill_review/. The review_skill_package built-in tool labels results with review_subject_entry and never skill_context_entry, so reviewing a target does not activate it, bind its required-secrets, or apply its allowed-tools. Its model-visible ToolMessage.content is a compact JSON payload with untrusted control tags neutralized; the full raw review payload, including Markdown renders, stays in ToolMessage.artifact. CI should run the CLI with --fail-on error --fail-on-incomplete so blocker/error findings and truncated/not-assessed packages fail the gate. The public skills/public/skill-reviewer skill owns semantic readiness review and suggestions only; mutation and runtime experiments remain owned by skill-creator.

Request-Scoped Secrets (required-secrets)

Lets a caller pass per-request, short-lived end-user credentials (e.g. an ERP token) to a skill's sandbox scripts without the value entering the prompt, tool arguments, the executed command string, or traces (issue #3861).

• Declare: a skill lists the secrets it needs in SKILL.md frontmatter — required-secrets: as a string list or {name, optional} mappings. name is both the lookup key and the env var name exposed to scripts. Parsed by skills/parser.py::parse_required_secrets into Skill.required_secrets (SecretRequirement); malformed entries are dropped with a warning.
• Carry: the caller sends values out-of-band in the run request's context.secrets mapping (never a message). runtime/secret_context.py owns the contract (SECRETS_CONTEXT_KEY, extract_request_secrets). The existing context passthrough carries it to runtime.context without mirroring into configurable. build_run_config still sets configurable.thread_id on the context path — the checkpointer requires it. MCP servers can read the same live carrier declaratively through mcpServers.<server>.headers_from_context, and custom MCP interceptors through extract_request_secrets(request.runtime.context) — not langgraph.config.get_config()["context"], which is None inside a tool call because the run context rides the LangGraph runtime rather than the propagated RunnableConfig; see docs/MCP_SERVER.md.
• Admission and redaction ownership: services.py::start_run() validates both legacy request mappings, metadata.auth_token and config.metadata.auth_token, before any run or thread persistence. runtime/secret_context.py::redact_config_secrets() also removes nested config metadata secrets from observable and persisted config copies; historical RunResponse.kwargs applies the same redaction non-mutatively, leaving stored RunRecord data unchanged. Keep callers on config.context.secrets rather than adding another credential carrier. Scheduled task definitions have no durable credential carrier: ScheduledTaskService supplies only scheduled_task_id, scheduled_task_run_id, and scheduled_trigger as run metadata.
• Bind (point A+): SkillActivationMiddleware._resolve_secret_bindings recomputes the injection set (runtime.context[__active_skill_secrets]) on every model call from two unioned sources, then REPLACES the key. (1) Slash: the run's most recent /skill activation, persisted as a source on the run context (only the activated skill's canonical container path, never its declared secrets) so the whole tool loop after the activation call keeps the binding; a new activation replaces it. Slash reads the genuine user text via get_original_user_content_text; InputSanitizationMiddleware preserves it (ORIGINAL_USER_CONTENT_KEY), so activation fires even after sanitization. (2) In-context (autonomous invocation): skills the model actually loaded in this thread — ThreadState.skill_context entries. Both sources resolve the live registry skill by normalized container path on every call (_resolve_registry_skill) and bind only that skill's own declared secrets — enabled + allowlist checked for both; the secrets-autonomous: false opt-out (malformed values fail closed to false) additionally gates the in-context path but exempts explicit slash. Resolving by registry — not by trusting the source's stored data — is what makes a caller-forged __slash_skill_secret_source harmless (runtime.context is caller-mergeable; the gateway also strips caller __-keys in build_run_config), #3938. Authorization is three-gated regardless of activation style: skill enabled by the operator × values supplied per-request by the caller (context.secrets) × names declared in frontmatter (∩ semantics). Because the set is recomputed per call, a skill evicted from skill_context (capacity) or a caller that stops supplying a value loses injection on the next call. The injected value always comes from the caller's request, never the host environment (scrubbed first — see below), so a declared name that also exists in the host env is safe: the caller's value wins and the host value is dropped (the #3861 per-user-key-overrides-shared-key case). Missing required secrets are logged once per binding change, not injected; binding changes are recorded as a middleware:skill_secrets journal event (skill and secret names only, never values).
• Inject: bash_tool reads the injection set and passes it as execute_command(env=...). Scope is the activation turn/run only — a run without /skill activation injects nothing.
• AIO image requirement: on AioSandbox the env path uses the bash.exec API (POST /v1/bash/exec), which upstream all-in-one-sandbox only ships since 1.9.3 — older images (including a latest tag frozen on the 1.0.0.x line) 404 the whole /v1/bash/* namespace. AioSandbox detects the 404, remembers the capability gap on the instance, and fails fast with an actionable upgrade error instead of letting the model retry raw 404s; there is deliberately no fallback through the legacy shell path because none keeps the secret values out of the command string (#3921). Regression tests: tests/test_aio_sandbox.py::TestBashExecUnsupportedFailFast.
• Inherited-env scrub: execute_command no longer leaks the Gateway's os.environ to skill subprocesses — env_policy.build_sandbox_env drops secret-looking names (*KEY*/*SECRET*/*TOKEN*/*PASS*/*CREDENTIAL*/*DSN* + a connection-string denylist like DATABASE_URL/REDIS_URL/GH_PAT, plus no-flag credential sources like MYSQL_PWD/REDISCLI_AUTH/PGPASSFILE/PGSERVICEFILE) so platform credentials never reach a skill; a skill that needs one must declare it.
• Leak surfaces sealed (verified by a real-gateway e2e run — secret reaches the sandbox but none of these): prompt (value never in a message), trace (tracing/metadata.py never copies context), checkpoint (secrets live on runtime.context, not graph state), audit (journal records names only), stdout (tools.py::mask_secret_values redacts injected values from bash output), and run-record persistence + run API (services.py::start_run stores redact_config_secrets(body.config) so runs.kwargs_json and RunResponse.kwargs never carry the secret).
• Historical retention: API response hiding prevents legacy metadata.auth_token and config.metadata.auth_token from being returned now; it does not delete values already retained in databases, run events, logs, snapshots, exports, or backups. Deployments that ever used either legacy carrier must rotate the credential and clean every retained copy under their retention policy. Restarting or upgrading DeerFlow performs neither action.
• Scope / non-goals: no persistence/vaulting — values are request-scoped and never stored server-side, so long-lived use means the caller re-supplies context.secrets on each request while the skill stays in skill_context; subagents do not inherit the skill injection set. MCP interceptors may independently consume the same supported request-scoped carrier. Tests: tests/test_skill_request_scoped_secrets.py, tests/test_mcp_session_pool.py.

Custom skill export

• export.py captures only storage.get_custom_skill_dir(name); never use public or legacy fallback. Export neither executes skills nor replaces installation scanning.
• Capture and recheck source bytes under skill_projection_read_lock in projection.py, using the same lock as storage mutations. Keep writer staging and cleanup inside that lock; read-only export must not rebuild projections.
• Build archives from captured bytes and require the preview's revision. Preserve file contents, empty directories, and normalized executable flags; import must not restore privileged permission bits.
• Keep traversal, YAML parsing, and archive construction bounded and cancellable. Reject unsupported filesystem operations rather than following links; report limits instead of truncating results. Preserve YAML preflight before object construction.
• Export includes raw saved files and is not a secret audit. Return relative paths and generic errors without leaking source content. See the export API contract for response fields and limits.