diff --git a/common/src/app/common/types/text/cjk_layout.cljc b/common/src/app/common/types/text/cjk_layout.cljc
index 8f9aa6dc60..fac1eb5d93 100644
--- a/common/src/app/common/types/text/cjk_layout.cljc
+++ b/common/src/app/common/types/text/cjk_layout.cljc
@@ -184,14 +184,15 @@
 
 (defn digit-combine-segments
   "Text split for a `digits` tate-chu-yoko value: `[text combine?]` pairs,
-   where runs of two up to the value's maximum ASCII or full-width digits
-   combine and longer runs stay ordinary text. Nil for other values."
+   where runs of up to the value's maximum ASCII or full-width digits
+   combine, a lone digit included as in CSS `digits`, and longer runs stay
+   ordinary text. Nil for other values."
   [text value]
   (when-let [max-len (get digit-combine-max-lengths value)]
     (->> (partition-by digit? (seq text))
          (mapv (fn [chars]
                  (let [run (apply str chars)]
-                   [run (and (digit? (first chars)) (<= 2 (count chars) max-len))]))))))
+                   [run (and (digit? (first chars)) (<= (count chars) max-len))]))))))
 
 (defn warichu-text?
   "True when a text node renders as warichu, which needs at least two
diff --git a/common/test/common_tests/types/text_test.cljc b/common/test/common_tests/types/text_test.cljc
index 5d023980b5..4484983a40 100644
--- a/common/test/common_tests/types/text_test.cljc
+++ b/common/test/common_tests/types/text_test.cljc
@@ -439,7 +439,9 @@
   (t/is (= [["第" false] ["１２３" true]]
            (cjk/digit-combine-segments "第１２３" "digits3")))
   (t/is (= [["12345" false]] (cjk/digit-combine-segments "12345" "digits")))
-  (t/is (= [["1" false]] (cjk/digit-combine-segments "1" "digits")))
+  (t/is (= [["1" true]] (cjk/digit-combine-segments "1" "digits")))
+  (t/is (= [["2" true] ["月" false] ["5" true] ["日" false]]
+           (cjk/digit-combine-segments "2月5日" "digits2")))
   (t/is (nil? (cjk/digit-combine-segments "31" "all"))))
 
 (t/deftest western-reading-test
diff --git a/plugins/CHANGELOG.md b/plugins/CHANGELOG.md
index 3315f9edd6..fc396c7d7c 100644
--- a/plugins/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/plugins/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 - **plugin-types:** Added `ruby` property for text shapes (furigana annotation)
 - **plugin-types:** Added `textEmphasis` property for text shapes (emphasis marks / bouten)
 - **plugin-types:** Added `warichu` property for text shapes (inline two-line notes)
-- **plugin-types:** `textCombineUpright` now accepts `digits` (combine 2-4 digit runs)
+- **plugin-types:** `textCombineUpright` now accepts `digits` (combine runs of up to 4 digits, a lone digit included)
 - **plugin-types:** Added `fontFeatures` (`none`, `palt`, or `vpal`) to text shapes and text ranges.
 - **plugin-types:** Added `annotationClearance` (`none` or `auto`) to text shapes.
 - **plugin-types:** Added `lineAdjustment` (`push-in-first`, `push-out-first` or `push-out-only`) to text shapes: how Japanese lines slightly too long are fitted.
diff --git a/plugins/libs/plugin-types/index.d.ts b/plugins/libs/plugin-types/index.d.ts
index 95ac3b99df..39a3ff48ba 100644
--- a/plugins/libs/plugin-types/index.d.ts
+++ b/plugins/libs/plugin-types/index.d.ts
@@ -4727,9 +4727,10 @@ export interface Text extends ShapeBase {
 
   /**
    * Tate-chu-yoko: sets text upright as one block in vertical writing. `all`
-   * combines the whole span; `digits` combines runs of 2-4 digits
-   * (`digits2`/`digits3` cap the run at 2/3); `none` (the default) turns it
-   * off. Returns 'mixed' if text spans use different values.
+   * combines the whole span; `digits` combines runs of up to 4 digits, so a
+   * lone digit stands upright (`digits2`/`digits3` cap the run at 2/3);
+   * `none` (the default) turns it off. Returns 'mixed' if text spans use
+   * different values.
    */
   textCombineUpright:
     'none' | 'all' | 'digits' | 'digits2' | 'digits3' | 'mixed';
diff --git a/render-wasm/src/shapes/text_japanese.rs b/render-wasm/src/shapes/text_japanese.rs
index e9e1d3186e..37cfe2ea22 100644
--- a/render-wasm/src/shapes/text_japanese.rs
+++ b/render-wasm/src/shapes/text_japanese.rs
@@ -263,11 +263,12 @@ pub enum TextCombineUpright {
     #[default]
     None,
     All,
-    /// Runs of 2-4 ASCII or full-width digits combine into one upright cell.
+    /// Runs of up to 4 ASCII or full-width digits combine into one upright
+    /// cell, so a lone digit stands upright (CSS `digits`).
     Digits,
-    /// Like `Digits`, for runs of exactly 2 (CSS `digits 2`).
+    /// Like `Digits`, for runs of up to 2 (CSS `digits 2`).
     Digits2,
-    /// Like `Digits`, for runs of 2-3.
+    /// Like `Digits`, for runs of up to 3.
     Digits3,
 }
 
diff --git a/render-wasm/src/shapes/text_vertical/cells.rs b/render-wasm/src/shapes/text_vertical/cells.rs
index 38f4d8dc30..eb0c963749 100644
--- a/render-wasm/src/shapes/text_vertical/cells.rs
+++ b/render-wasm/src/shapes/text_vertical/cells.rs
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ fn is_tcy_digit(c: char) -> bool {
 }
 
 /// Split a TCY `digits` span into pieces. Maximal ASCII or full-width digit
-/// runs of 2..=max chars are marked tcy; the rest keep normal vertical
-/// layout. Returns (piece text, span-relative UTF-16 start, tcy).
+/// runs of 1..=max chars are marked tcy, as in CSS `digits`, so a lone digit
+/// stands upright too; the rest keep normal vertical layout. Returns (piece text, span-relative UTF-16 start, tcy).
 fn split_digit_runs(text: &str, max: usize) -> Vec<(String, usize, bool)> {
     let mut pieces: Vec<(String, usize, bool)> = Vec::new();
     let mut utf16 = 0usize;
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ fn split_digit_runs(text: &str, max: usize) -> Vec<(String, usize, bool)> {
         utf16 += c.len_utf16();
     }
     for (piece, _, tcy) in pieces.iter_mut() {
-        *tcy = *tcy && (2..=max).contains(&piece.chars().count());
+        *tcy = *tcy && (1..=max).contains(&piece.chars().count());
     }
     pieces
 }
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ impl<'a> SpanCells<'a> {
         {
             return;
         }
-        // `digits` merges each run of 2..=max digits into one upright cell.
+        // `digits` merges each run of 1..=max digits into one upright cell.
         let pieces = match combine.digits_max() {
             Some(max) => split_digit_runs(text, max),
             None => vec![(text.to_string(), 0, false)],
@@ -280,18 +280,14 @@ impl<'a> SpanCells<'a> {
         }
 
         let letter_spacing = self.span.letter_spacing;
-        let mut shaped = self.shape(piece, self.span.font_size, false);
+        let shaped = self.shape(piece, self.span.font_size, false);
         if shaped.is_empty() {
             return false;
         }
         let em = self.span.font_size.max(1.0);
-        let mut combined_advance = 0.0f32;
-        for run in &mut shaped {
-            run.advance = run.spread_glyphs(letter_spacing);
-            combined_advance += run.advance;
-        }
-        // Letter-spacing also separates adjacent fallback runs.
-        combined_advance += letter_spacing * (shaped.len() - 1) as f32;
+        // As in CSS, the composite ignores letter-spacing inside it: spacing
+        // only separates it from its neighbours down the column (`extent`).
+        let combined_advance: f32 = shaped.iter().map(|run| run.advance).sum();
         // Only a composite wider than the em is squeezed, and only across:
         // glyphs keep their full height, as in JLREQ and CSS.
         let h_scale = (em / combined_advance.max(1.0)).min(1.0);
@@ -972,7 +968,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn split_digit_runs_honours_the_max_parameter() {
-        // max 2: only exactly-two-digit runs combine.
+        // max 2: runs of up to two digits combine.
         let pieces = split_digit_runs("平成31年123日", 2);
         let flags: Vec<(&str, bool)> = pieces
             .iter()
@@ -994,7 +990,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn split_digit_runs_marks_two_to_four_digit_runs() {
+    fn split_digit_runs_marks_runs_of_up_to_four_digits() {
         let pieces = split_digit_runs("平成31年12345日5", 4);
         let flags: Vec<(&str, usize, bool)> = pieces
             .iter()
@@ -1008,7 +1004,7 @@ mod tests {
                 ("年", 4, false),
                 ("12345", 5, false),
                 ("日", 10, false),
-                ("5", 11, false),
+                ("5", 11, true),
             ]
         );
     }
@@ -1045,6 +1041,21 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(layout.cells.len(), 3);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn tate_chu_yoko_digits_sets_a_lone_digit_upright() {
+        let mut content = make_content_with_spans(&["2月5日"], 400.0);
+        content.paragraphs_mut()[0].children_mut()[0].text_combine_upright =
+            TextCombineUpright::Digits;
+        let layout = layout_with(&provider(VMTX_TEST_FONT), &content);
+        let tcy: Vec<(usize, usize)> = layout
+            .cells
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|c| matches!(c.kind, CellKind::TateChuYoko { .. }))
+            .map(|c| (c.start, c.end))
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(tcy, vec![(0, 1), (2, 3)]);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn tate_chu_yoko_digits_combines_four_ascii_digits() {
         let mut content = make_content_with_spans(&["2025年"], 400.0);
@@ -1134,6 +1145,43 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn letter_spacing_stays_outside_a_tate_chu_yoko_composite() {
+        // CSS combines the text ignoring letter-spacing. Counting it in the
+        // composite width set the digits off centre, left of the kanji.
+        let tcy_cell = |letter_spacing: f32| {
+            let mut content = spaced_content("く12く", letter_spacing);
+            content.paragraphs_mut()[0].children_mut()[0].text_combine_upright =
+                TextCombineUpright::Digits;
+            let layout = layout_content(&content, 1000.0);
+            let cell = layout
+                .cells
+                .iter()
+                .find(|c| matches!(c.kind, CellKind::TateChuYoko { .. }))
+                .cloned()
+                .expect("the digit run combines");
+            let CellKind::TateChuYoko { run_start, .. } = cell.kind else {
+                unreachable!()
+            };
+            let positions = layout.runs[run_start].positions.clone();
+            (cell, positions)
+        };
+        let (plain, plain_positions) = tcy_cell(0.0);
+        let (spaced, spaced_positions) = tcy_cell(5.0);
+        assert!(
+            (spaced.h_advance - plain.h_advance).abs() < 0.01,
+            "the composite width ignores letter-spacing"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            plain_positions, spaced_positions,
+            "glyphs keep their places"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            (spaced.extent - plain.extent - 5.0).abs() < 0.01,
+            "letter-spacing still follows the composite down the column"
+        );
+    }
+
     // A tiny Noto Sans JP subset with `vmtx`/`vhea`: U+3031 (〱, vertical kana
     // repeat mark) advances 2em vertically and 1em horizontally;
     // U+3042/U+304F are symmetric controls.
diff --git a/render-wasm/src/shapes/text_vertical/flow.rs b/render-wasm/src/shapes/text_vertical/flow.rs
index db3abf82ec..2981b52130 100644
--- a/render-wasm/src/shapes/text_vertical/flow.rs
+++ b/render-wasm/src/shapes/text_vertical/flow.rs
@@ -416,7 +416,15 @@ pub(super) fn apply_policy_spacing(cells: &mut [FlowCell], text: &str, policy: T
             - 0.5 * cells[i - 1].cell.font_size)
             .max(0.0);
         let compression = (policy.compression_em(before, after, true) * em).min(available);
-        let gap = policy.script_spacing_em(before, after) * em;
+        // A tate-chu-yoko composite sets in one ideograph's cell, so the
+        // Han/Western gap of its digits or letters does not apply.
+        let tate_chu_yoko =
+            |flow: &FlowCell| matches!(flow.cell.kind, CellKind::TateChuYoko { .. });
+        let gap = if tate_chu_yoko(&cells[i - 1]) || tate_chu_yoko(&cells[i]) {
+            0.0
+        } else {
+            policy.script_spacing_em(before, after) * em
+        };
         cells[i - 1].cell.extent = (cells[i - 1].cell.extent + gap - compression)
             .max(cells[i - 1].trailing_spacing.max(0.0));
         cells[i - 1].cell.minimum_oikomi_extent = cells[i - 1].cell.extent;
diff --git a/render-wasm/src/shapes/text_vertical/layout.rs b/render-wasm/src/shapes/text_vertical/layout.rs
index 26cb87274e..1599a78c41 100644
--- a/render-wasm/src/shapes/text_vertical/layout.rs
+++ b/render-wasm/src/shapes/text_vertical/layout.rs
@@ -828,7 +828,7 @@ pub fn layout_for_rect(text_content: &TextContent, rect: &Rect) -> VerticalLayou
 mod tests {
     use super::super::test_support::*;
     use super::*;
-    use crate::shapes::TextOrientation;
+    use crate::shapes::{TextCombineUpright, TextOrientation, TextSpan};
 
     fn cjk_layout(
         texts: &[&str],
@@ -1046,6 +1046,35 @@ mod tests {
             .all(|cell| cell.minimum_oikomi_extent <= cell.extent));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn regional_chinese_spacing_skips_tate_chu_yoko_but_spaces_sideways_latin() {
+        let tops = |language: &str, text: &str, combine: TextCombineUpright| {
+            let span = TextSpan {
+                text_combine_upright: combine,
+                ..make_span(text)
+            };
+            let mut paragraph = vertical_paragraph(vec![span], TextAlign::Left, 1.0);
+            paragraph.set_language(language.to_string());
+            let content = content_of(vec![paragraph], EM * 10.0, GrowType::Fixed);
+            let layout = layout_with_height(
+                &provider(include_bytes!("../../fonts/cjk-locl-test.ttf")),
+                &content,
+                EM * 10.0,
+            );
+            layout.cells.iter().map(|cell| cell.top).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        };
+        // Upright digits take one ideograph's cell: no Han/Western gap.
+        assert_eq!(
+            tops("zh-Hans-CN", "文12文", TextCombineUpright::Digits),
+            tops("", "文12文", TextCombineUpright::Digits)
+        );
+        // A sideways Latin run keeps its quarter-em gap.
+        assert_ne!(
+            tops("zh-Hans-CN", "文AB文", TextCombineUpright::None),
+            tops("", "文AB文", TextCombineUpright::None)
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn korean_word_boundaries_cross_styles_and_graphemes_stay_together() {
         let mut paragraph = vertical_paragraph(
diff --git a/render-wasm/src/shapes/text_vertical/paint.rs b/render-wasm/src/shapes/text_vertical/paint.rs
index 2d67c83175..deeaa54b7d 100644
--- a/render-wasm/src/shapes/text_vertical/paint.rs
+++ b/render-wasm/src/shapes/text_vertical/paint.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::math::Rect;
 use crate::shapes::{Stroke, StrokeKind, TextContent, VerticalAlign};
 
 use super::annotations::{emphasis_mark_center, EmphasisMark, RubyCell};
-use super::font_tables::upright_baseline;
+use super::font_tables::{upright_baseline, upright_centre_metrics};
 use super::layout::{column_base_center, CellKind, VerticalCell, VerticalLayout};
 use super::shaping::{single_glyph_blob, ShapedRun};
 
@@ -174,10 +174,11 @@ fn cell_draws(layout: &VerticalLayout, cell: &VerticalCell, origin: (f32, f32))
         } => {
             let composite = &layout.runs[run_start..run_start + run_count];
             let combined_advance: f32 = composite.iter().map(|run| run.advance).sum();
-            // Vertical centring uses the tallest run's ascent/descent.
+            // Vertical centring uses the tallest run's em box, the metrics
+            // upright glyphs use, so the composite shares their baseline.
             let (ascent, descent) = composite.iter().fold((0.0f32, 0.0f32), |(a, d), run| {
-                let (_, metrics) = run.font.metrics();
-                (a.min(metrics.ascent), d.max(metrics.descent))
+                let (ascent, descent) = upright_centre_metrics(&run.font);
+                (a.min(ascent), d.max(descent))
             });
             let x0 = x_center - (combined_advance * h_scale) / 2.0;
             let baseline = y_top + cell.font_size / 2.0 - (ascent + descent) / 2.0;
@@ -739,7 +740,7 @@ fn decoration_bar(
 mod tests {
     use super::super::test_support::*;
     use super::*;
-    use crate::shapes::{StrokeStyle, TextEmphasis, TextOrientation, TextSpan};
+    use crate::shapes::{StrokeStyle, TextCombineUpright, TextEmphasis, TextOrientation, TextSpan};
 
     #[test]
     fn glyph_draws_are_built_once_and_follow_the_origin() {
@@ -934,6 +935,32 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn tate_chu_yoko_digits_share_the_upright_glyph_baseline() {
+        // The hhea ascent of a CJK face exceeds the em; centring the
+        // composite on it set digits about 0.07em below the kanji beside them.
+        let mut content = make_content_with_spans(&["く12く"], 400.0);
+        content.paragraphs_mut()[0].children_mut()[0].text_combine_upright =
+            TextCombineUpright::Digits;
+        let layout = layout_with(&provider(VMTX_TEST_FONT), &content);
+        let cell = layout
+            .cells
+            .iter()
+            .find(|cell| matches!(cell.kind, CellKind::TateChuYoko { .. }))
+            .expect("the digit run combines");
+        let CellKind::TateChuYoko { run_start, .. } = cell.kind else {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
+        let draws = cell_draws(&layout, cell, (0.0, 0.0));
+        let transform = draws[0].transform.expect("a composite is transformed");
+        let expected = cell.top + upright_baseline(&layout.runs[run_start].font, cell.font_size);
+        assert!(
+            (transform.translate_y() - expected).abs() < 0.01,
+            "baseline {} instead of {expected}",
+            transform.translate_y()
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn single_paint_passes_cover_ruby_like_the_fill_pass() {
         let content = spans_content(