diff --git a/render-wasm/src/render.rs b/render-wasm/src/render.rs
index e984bf077d..0be31dff3f 100644
--- a/render-wasm/src/render.rs
+++ b/render-wasm/src/render.rs
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ pub use images::*;
 
 type ClipStack = Vec<(Rect, Option<Corners>, Matrix)>;
 
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "profile-macros", derive(Debug))]
 #[repr(u8)]
 pub enum FrameType {
     None = 0,
@@ -877,6 +878,7 @@ impl RenderState {
     /// on top of Target, then present. Backbuffer is left clean so it can be reused
     /// as-is across interactive-transform frames without stale overlay pixels.
     pub fn present_frame(&mut self, tree: ShapesPoolRef) {
+        performance::begin_measure!("present_frame");
         // Viewer masked passes render a partial scene onto a transparent backbuffer.
         // SrcOver would keep pass-1 pixels wherever the backbuffer stays transparent.
         if self.viewer_masked_pass() {
@@ -892,7 +894,10 @@ impl RenderState {
         }
         ui::render(self, tree);
         debug::render_wasm_label(self);
+        performance::begin_measure!("present_frame:flush_submit");
         self.surfaces.flush_and_submit(SurfaceId::Target);
+        performance::end_measure!("present_frame:flush_submit");
+        performance::end_measure!("present_frame");
     }
 
     /// Renders only the canvas background and UI surface (rulers/frame), without
@@ -2346,11 +2351,37 @@ impl RenderState {
             self.render_shape_tree_partial(base_object, tree, timestamp, allow_stop)?;
 
         if !self.options.is_interactive_transform() {
+            performance::begin_measure!("atlas_to_backbuffer");
             self.surfaces.draw_tile_atlas_to_backbuffer(
                 &self.viewbox,
                 &self.tile_viewbox,
                 self.background_color,
             );
+            performance::end_measure!("atlas_to_backbuffer");
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "profile-macros")]
+        {
+            let usage = get_gpu_state().context.resource_cache_usage();
+            let limit_mb = get_gpu_state().context.resource_cache_limit() as f64 / 1_048_576.0;
+            let mts = get_gpu_state().max_texture_size();
+            let atlas_mb = (mts as f64 * mts as f64 * 4.0) / 1_048_576.0;
+            let cdim = self.surfaces.cache_dimensions();
+            let cache_mb = (cdim.width as f64 * cdim.height as f64 * 4.0) / 1_048_576.0;
+            crate::console_log!(
+                "[GPU] frame={:?} interactive={} fast={} rcache_mb={:.1} limit_mb={:.1} rcache_n={} cache={}x{} cache_mb={:.1} max_tex={} atlas_mb={:.1}",
+                frame_type,
+                self.options.is_interactive_transform(),
+                self.options.is_fast_mode(),
+                usage.resource_bytes as f64 / 1_048_576.0,
+                limit_mb,
+                usage.resource_count,
+                cdim.width,
+                cdim.height,
+                cache_mb,
+                mts,
+                atlas_mb
+            );
         }
 
         match frame_type {
diff --git a/render-wasm/src/render/gpu_state.rs b/render-wasm/src/render/gpu_state.rs
index e934dd4f34..b64dc578da 100644
--- a/render-wasm/src/render/gpu_state.rs
+++ b/render-wasm/src/render/gpu_state.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use skia_safe::gpu::{
 use skia_safe::{self as skia, ISize};
 
 const MIN_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE: i32 = 512;
-const MAX_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE: i32 = 8192 * 2;
+const MAX_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE: i32 = 4096 * 2;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct GpuState {
diff --git a/render-wasm/src/render/surfaces.rs b/render-wasm/src/render/surfaces.rs
index 3937976cdf..45a567c3b2 100644
--- a/render-wasm/src/render/surfaces.rs
+++ b/render-wasm/src/render/surfaces.rs
@@ -532,7 +532,16 @@ impl Surfaces {
     ) {
         self.tiles.update(viewbox, tile_viewbox);
         if self.tiles.needs_snapshot() || self.tile_atlas_image.is_none() {
-            self.tile_atlas_image = Some(self.tile_atlas.image_snapshot());
+            // Snapshot only the occupied sub-region (origin stays at 0,0 so the
+            // `textures` atlas coordinates remain valid) instead of the whole
+            // max_texture_size² atlas — avoids a full-atlas COW copy each settle.
+            let snap = match self.tiles.used_bounds() {
+                Some(bounds) => self.tile_atlas.image_snapshot_with_bounds(bounds),
+                None => Some(self.tile_atlas.image_snapshot()),
+            };
+            if let Some(image) = snap {
+                self.tile_atlas_image = Some(image);
+            }
             self.tiles.snapshot();
         }
         let Some(atlas_image) = self.tile_atlas_image.as_ref() else {
@@ -1579,6 +1588,35 @@ impl TileTextureCache {
         self.is_updated = false;
     }
 
+    /// Bounding box (from the atlas origin) of the slots actually sampled this
+    /// frame. Slots are allocated row-major from index 0 and freed slots are
+    /// reused first, so occupied slots cluster near (0,0): snapshotting only
+    /// `(0,0)..(max_right,max_bottom)` keeps the `textures`/`transforms`
+    /// coordinates valid (origin stays 0) while avoiding a full-atlas
+    /// `image_snapshot` (1GB→content-sized). `None` when nothing is in use.
+    pub fn used_bounds(&self) -> Option<skia::IRect> {
+        let mut max_right = 0.0f32;
+        let mut max_bottom = 0.0f32;
+        let mut any = false;
+        for r in self.textures.iter() {
+            if r.is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            any = true;
+            max_right = max_right.max(r.right);
+            max_bottom = max_bottom.max(r.bottom);
+        }
+        if !any {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some(skia::IRect::new(
+            0,
+            0,
+            max_right.ceil() as i32,
+            max_bottom.ceil() as i32,
+        ))
+    }
+
     fn gc_non_visible(&mut self, tile_viewbox: &TileViewbox) {
         let marked: Vec<_> = self
             .grid