diff --git a/electron/electron.js b/electron/electron.js
index d8e2f8dbd..793d2bca2 100644
--- a/electron/electron.js
+++ b/electron/electron.js
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ const { startMCPServer, stopMCPServer } = require("./lib/mcp");
 const {onRenderer, renderer} = require("./lib/renderer");
 const {onExport} = require("./lib/pdf-export");
 const {allowedCalls, isWin, isMac} = require("./lib/other");
+const webTabManager = require("./lib/web-tab-manager");
 
 // 实例初始化
 const userConf = new electronConf()
@@ -75,35 +76,12 @@ let mainWindow = null,
     mainTray = null,
     mediaWindow = null;
 
-// 多窗口 Tab 管理
-// Map<windowId, {window, views: [{id, view, name, favicon}], activeTabId, mode: 'tab'|'window'}>
-let webTabWindows = new Map();
-let webTabWindowIdCounter = 1;
-// 标签名称到标签位置的映射，用于复用已存在的标签
-// Map<name, {windowId, tabId}>
-let webTabNameMap = new Map();
-
 // 窗口配置和状态
-let mediaType = null,
-    webTabHeight = 40,
-    webTabClosedByShortcut = new Map(); // Map<windowId, boolean>
+let mediaType = null;
 
 // 开发模式路径
 let devloadPath = path.resolve(__dirname, ".devload");
 
-// 窗口显示状态管理
-let showState = {},
-    onShowWindow = (win) => {
-        try {
-            if (typeof showState[win.webContents.id] === 'undefined') {
-                showState[win.webContents.id] = true
-                win.show();
-            }
-        } catch (e) {
-            // loger.error(e)
-        }
-    }
-
 // 开发模式加载
 if (fs.existsSync(devloadPath)) {
     let devloadContent = fs.readFileSync(devloadPath, 'utf8')
@@ -504,1026 +482,6 @@ function createMediaWindow(args, type = 'image') {
         mediaWindow.webContents.send('load-media', args);
     });
 }
-
-/**
- * 创建内置浏览器窗口（支持多窗口）
- * @param args {url, windowId, position, afterId, insertIndex, name, force, userAgent, title, titleFixed, webPreferences, mode, ...}
- *   - mode: 'tab' | 'window'
- *     - 'window': 独立窗口模式（无导航栏）
- *     - 'tab': 标签页模式（默认，有导航栏）
- * @returns {number} 窗口ID
- */
-function createWebTabWindow(args) {
-    if (!args) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (!utils.isJson(args)) {
-        args = {url: args}
-    }
-
-    const mode = args.mode || 'tab';
-    const isWindowMode = mode === 'window';
-
-    // 如果有 name，先查找是否已存在同名标签/窗口
-    if (args.name) {
-        const existing = webTabNameMap.get(args.name);
-        if (existing) {
-            const existingWindowData = webTabWindows.get(existing.windowId);
-            if (existingWindowData && existingWindowData.window && !existingWindowData.window.isDestroyed()) {
-                const viewItem = existingWindowData.views.find(v => v.id === existing.tabId);
-                if (viewItem && viewItem.view && !viewItem.view.webContents.isDestroyed()) {
-                    // 激活已存在的标签/窗口
-                    if (existingWindowData.window.isMinimized()) {
-                        existingWindowData.window.restore();
-                    }
-                    existingWindowData.window.focus();
-                    existingWindowData.window.show();
-                    activateWebTabInWindow(existing.windowId, existing.tabId);
-
-                    // force=true 时重新加载
-                    if (args.force === true && args.url) {
-                        utils.loadContentUrl(viewItem.view.webContents, serverUrl, args.url);
-                    }
-                    return existing.windowId;
-                }
-            }
-            // 标签已失效，清理映射
-            webTabNameMap.delete(args.name);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // 确定目标窗口ID
-    let windowId = args.windowId;
-    let windowData = windowId ? webTabWindows.get(windowId) : null;
-    let webTabWindow = windowData ? windowData.window : null;
-
-    // 如果没有指定窗口或窗口不存在，查找可用窗口或创建新窗口
-    if (!webTabWindow) {
-        // window 模式总是创建新窗口；tab 模式尝试使用第一个可用的 tab 窗口
-        if (!isWindowMode && !windowId) {
-            for (const [id, data] of webTabWindows) {
-                if (data.window && !data.window.isDestroyed() && data.mode !== 'window') {
-                    windowId = id;
-                    windowData = data;
-                    webTabWindow = data.window;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // 如果还是没有窗口，创建新窗口
-        if (!webTabWindow) {
-            windowId = webTabWindowIdCounter++;
-            // 从 args 中提取窗口尺寸
-            const position = {
-                x: args.x,
-                y: args.y,
-                width: args.width,
-                height: args.height,
-                minWidth: args.minWidth,
-                minHeight: args.minHeight,
-            };
-            webTabWindow = createWebTabWindowInstance(windowId, position, mode);
-            windowData = {
-                window: webTabWindow,
-                views: [],
-                activeTabId: null,
-                mode: mode
-            };
-            webTabWindows.set(windowId, windowData);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (webTabWindow.isMinimized()) {
-        webTabWindow.restore()
-    }
-    webTabWindow.focus();
-    webTabWindow.show();
-
-    // 创建 tab 子视图
-    const browserView = createWebTabView(windowId, args);
-
-    // 确定插入位置
-    let insertIndex = windowData.views.length;
-    if (args.afterId) {
-        const afterIndex = windowData.views.findIndex(item => item.id === args.afterId);
-        if (afterIndex > -1) {
-            insertIndex = afterIndex + 1;
-        }
-    }
-    if (typeof args.insertIndex === 'number') {
-        insertIndex = Math.max(0, Math.min(args.insertIndex, windowData.views.length));
-    }
-
-    // 插入到指定位置，包含 name 信息
-    windowData.views.splice(insertIndex, 0, {
-        id: browserView.webContents.id,
-        view: browserView,
-        name: args.name || null
-    });
-
-    // 如果有 name，注册到映射
-    if (args.name) {
-        webTabNameMap.set(args.name, {
-            windowId: windowId,
-            tabId: browserView.webContents.id
-        });
-    }
-
-    // tab 模式通知标签栏创建标签；window 模式设置窗口标题
-    if (isWindowMode) {
-        // window 模式下，如果传入了 title 参数，设置窗口标题
-        if (args.title) {
-            webTabWindow.setTitle(args.title);
-        }
-    } else {
-        // tab 模式下通知标签栏创建新标签
-        utils.onDispatchEvent(webTabWindow.webContents, {
-            event: 'create',
-            id: browserView.webContents.id,
-            url: args.url,
-            afterId: args.afterId,
-            windowId: windowId,
-            title: args.title,
-        }).then(_ => { });
-    }
-    activateWebTabInWindow(windowId, browserView.webContents.id);
-
-    return windowId;
-}
-
-/**
- * 创建 WebTabWindow 实例
- * @param windowId
- * @param position {x, y, width, height}
- * @param mode 'tab' | 'window'
- * @returns {BrowserWindow}
- */
-function createWebTabWindowInstance(windowId, position, mode = 'tab') {
-    const isWindowMode = mode === 'window';
-    const { width: screenWidth, height: screenHeight } = screen.getPrimaryDisplay().workAreaSize;
-    const isHighRes = screenWidth >= 2560;
-
-    // 根据屏幕分辨率计算默认尺寸
-    const screenDefault = {
-        width: isHighRes ? 1440 : 1024,
-        height: isHighRes ? 900 : 768,
-        minWidth: 400,
-        minHeight: 300,
-    };
-
-    // 计算窗口尺寸和位置
-    const windowOptions = {
-        show: false,
-        autoHideMenuBar: true,
-        webPreferences: {
-            preload: path.join(__dirname, 'electron-preload.js'),
-            webSecurity: true,
-            nodeIntegration: true,
-            contextIsolation: true,
-        },
-    };
-
-    if (isWindowMode) {
-        // window 模式：使用 position 参数或屏幕默认值，永远居中
-        Object.assign(windowOptions, {
-            width: Math.floor(position?.width ?? screenDefault.width),
-            height: Math.floor(position?.height ?? screenDefault.height),
-            minWidth: Math.floor(position?.minWidth ?? screenDefault.minWidth),
-            minHeight: Math.floor(position?.minHeight ?? screenDefault.minHeight),
-            backgroundColor: utils.getDefaultBackgroundColor(),
-            center: true,
-        });
-    } else {
-        // tab 模式：使用 savedBounds 或屏幕默认值
-        const savedBounds = userConf.get('webTabWindow') || {};
-        const maxX = Math.floor(screenWidth * 0.9);
-        const maxY = Math.floor(screenHeight * 0.9);
-        Object.assign(windowOptions, {
-            width: savedBounds.width ?? screenDefault.width,
-            height: savedBounds.height ?? screenDefault.height,
-            minWidth: screenDefault.minWidth,
-            minHeight: screenDefault.minHeight,
-            backgroundColor: nativeTheme.shouldUseDarkColors ? '#575757' : '#FFFFFF',
-            center: true,
-        });
-        // 恢复保存的位置，并限制在屏幕 90% 范围内
-        if (savedBounds.x !== undefined && savedBounds.y !== undefined) {
-            Object.assign(windowOptions, {
-                x: Math.min(savedBounds.x, maxX),
-                y: Math.min(savedBounds.y, maxY),
-                center: false,
-            });
-        }
-    }
-
-    // tab 模式使用隐藏标题栏 + titleBarOverlay
-    if (!isWindowMode) {
-        const titleBarOverlay = {
-            height: webTabHeight
-        };
-        if (nativeTheme.shouldUseDarkColors) {
-            Object.assign(titleBarOverlay, {
-                color: '#3B3B3D',
-                symbolColor: '#C5C5C5',
-            });
-        }
-        Object.assign(windowOptions, {
-            titleBarStyle: 'hidden',
-            titleBarOverlay: titleBarOverlay,
-        });
-    }
-
-    const webTabWindow = new BrowserWindow(windowOptions);
-
-    // 保存窗口ID到窗口对象
-    webTabWindow.webTabWindowId = windowId;
-
-    const originalClose = webTabWindow.close;
-    webTabWindow.close = function() {
-        webTabClosedByShortcut.set(windowId, true);
-        return originalClose.apply(this, arguments);
-    };
-
-    webTabWindow.on('resize', () => {
-        resizeWebTabInWindow(windowId, 0);
-    });
-
-    webTabWindow.on('enter-full-screen', () => {
-        utils.onDispatchEvent(webTabWindow.webContents, {
-            event: 'enter-full-screen',
-        }).then(_ => { });
-    });
-
-    webTabWindow.on('leave-full-screen', () => {
-        utils.onDispatchEvent(webTabWindow.webContents, {
-            event: 'leave-full-screen',
-        }).then(_ => { });
-    });
-
-    webTabWindow.on('close', event => {
-        if (webTabClosedByShortcut.get(windowId)) {
-            webTabClosedByShortcut.set(windowId, false);
-            if (!willQuitApp) {
-                closeWebTabInWindow(windowId, 0);
-                event.preventDefault();
-                return;
-            }
-        }
-        // 只有 tab 模式才保存 bounds
-        const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId);
-        if (windowData && windowData.mode !== 'window') {
-            userConf.set('webTabWindow', webTabWindow.getBounds());
-        }
-    });
-
-    webTabWindow.on('closed', () => {
-        const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId);
-        if (windowData) {
-            windowData.views.forEach(({view, name}) => {
-                // 清理 name 映射
-                if (name) {
-                    webTabNameMap.delete(name);
-                }
-                try {
-                    view.webContents.close();
-                } catch (e) {
-                    //
-                }
-            });
-            webTabWindows.delete(windowId);
-        }
-        webTabClosedByShortcut.delete(windowId);
-    });
-
-    webTabWindow.once('ready-to-show', () => {
-        onShowWindow(webTabWindow);
-    });
-
-    webTabWindow.webContents.once('dom-ready', () => {
-        onShowWindow(webTabWindow);
-    });
-
-    webTabWindow.webContents.on('before-input-event', (event, input) => {
-        if (utils.isMetaOrControl(input) && input.key.toLowerCase() === 'r') {
-            reloadWebTabInWindow(windowId, 0);
-            event.preventDefault();
-        } else if (utils.isMetaOrControl(input) && input.key.toLowerCase() === 'w') {
-            webTabClosedByShortcut.set(windowId, true);
-        } else if (utils.isMetaOrControl(input) && input.shift && input.key.toLowerCase() === 'i') {
-            devToolsWebTabInWindow(windowId, 0);
-        } else {
-            const item = currentWebTabInWindow(windowId);
-            if (item) {
-                navigation.handleInput(event, input, item.view.webContents);
-            }
-        }
-    });
-
-    // 设置鼠标侧键和触控板手势导航
-    navigation.setupWindowEvents(webTabWindow, () => {
-        const item = currentWebTabInWindow(windowId);
-        return item ? item.view.webContents : null;
-    });
-
-    // tab 模式加载标签栏界面，window 模式不需要
-    if (!isWindowMode) {
-        webTabWindow.loadFile('./render/tabs/index.html', {query: {windowId: String(windowId)}}).then(_ => { }).catch(_ => { });
-    }
-
-    return webTabWindow;
-}
-
-/**
- * 创建 WebTab 视图
- * @param windowId
- * @param args
- * @returns {WebContentsView}
- */
-function createWebTabView(windowId, args) {
-    const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId);
-    if (!windowData) return null;
-
-    const webTabWindow = windowData.window;
-    const isWindowMode = windowData.mode === 'window';
-    const effectiveTabHeight = isWindowMode ? 0 : webTabHeight;
-
-    const viewOptions = {
-        webPreferences: Object.assign({
-            preload: path.join(__dirname, 'electron-preload.js'),
-            nodeIntegration: true,
-            contextIsolation: true
-        }, args.webPreferences || {})
-    };
-    if (!viewOptions.webPreferences.contextIsolation) {
-        delete viewOptions.webPreferences.preload;
-    }
-
-    const browserView = new WebContentsView(viewOptions);
-    if (args.backgroundColor) {
-        browserView.setBackgroundColor(args.backgroundColor);
-    } else if (isWindowMode) {
-        browserView.setBackgroundColor(utils.getDefaultBackgroundColor());
-    } else if (nativeTheme.shouldUseDarkColors) {
-        browserView.setBackgroundColor('#575757');
-    } else {
-        browserView.setBackgroundColor('#FFFFFF');
-    }
-    browserView.setBounds({
-        x: 0,
-        y: effectiveTabHeight,
-        width: webTabWindow.getContentBounds().width || 1280,
-        height: (webTabWindow.getContentBounds().height || 800) - effectiveTabHeight,
-    });
-
-    // 保存所属窗口ID和元数据
-    browserView.webTabWindowId = windowId;
-    browserView.tabName = args.name || null;
-    browserView.titleFixed = args.titleFixed || false;
-
-    // 设置自定义 UserAgent
-    if (args.userAgent) {
-        const originalUA = browserView.webContents.getUserAgent();
-        browserView.webContents.setUserAgent(
-            originalUA + " SubTaskWindow/" + process.platform + "/" + os.arch() + "/1.0 " + args.userAgent
-        );
-    }
-
-    browserView.webContents.on('destroyed', () => {
-        if (browserView.tabName) {
-            webTabNameMap.delete(browserView.tabName);
-        }
-        if (browserView._loadingChecker) {
-            clearInterval(browserView._loadingChecker);
-            browserView._loadingChecker = null;
-        }
-        closeWebTabInWindow(windowId, browserView.webContents.id);
-    });
-    browserView.webContents.setWindowOpenHandler(({url}) => {
-        if (allowedCalls.test(url)) {
-            renderer.openExternal(url).catch(() => {});
-        } else if (isWindowMode) {
-            // window 模式下打开外部浏览器
-            utils.onBeforeOpenWindow(browserView.webContents, url).then(() => {
-                renderer.openExternal(url).catch(() => {});
-            });
-        } else if (url && url !== 'about:blank') {
-            // tab 模式下创建新标签
-            createWebTabWindow({url, afterId: browserView.webContents.id, windowId});
-        }
-        return {action: 'deny'};
-    });
-    browserView.webContents.on('page-title-updated', (_, title) => {
-        // titleFixed 时不更新标题
-        if (browserView.titleFixed) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // 使用动态窗口ID，支持标签在窗口间转移
-        const currentWindowId = browserView.webTabWindowId;
-        const wd = webTabWindows.get(currentWindowId);
-        if (!wd || !wd.window) return;
-
-        // 根据模式更新标题
-        if (wd.mode === 'window') {
-            // window 模式下直接设置窗口标题
-            wd.window.setTitle(title);
-        } else {
-            // tab 模式下通知标签栏更新标题
-            utils.onDispatchEvent(wd.window.webContents, {
-                event: 'title',
-                id: browserView.webContents.id,
-                title: title,
-                url: browserView.webContents.getURL(),
-            }).then(_ => { });
-        }
-    });
-    browserView.webContents.on('did-fail-load', (event, errorCode, errorDescription, validatedURL, isMainFrame) => {
-        if (!errorDescription) {
-            return;
-        }
-        // 主框架加载失败时，展示内置的错误页面
-        if (isMainFrame) {
-            const originalUrl = validatedURL || args.url || '';
-            const filePath = path.join(__dirname, 'render', 'tabs', 'error.html');
-            browserView.webContents.loadFile(filePath, {
-                query: {
-                    id: String(browserView.webContents.id),
-                    url: originalUrl,
-                    code: String(errorCode),
-                    desc: errorDescription,
-                }
-            }).then(_ => { }).catch(_ => { });
-            return;
-        }
-        // 使用动态窗口ID，支持标签在窗口间转移
-        const currentWindowId = browserView.webTabWindowId;
-        const wd = webTabWindows.get(currentWindowId);
-        if (!wd || !wd.window) return;
-        utils.onDispatchEvent(wd.window.webContents, {
-            event: 'title',
-            id: browserView.webContents.id,
-            title: errorDescription,
-            url: browserView.webContents.getURL(),
-        }).then(_ => { });
-    });
-    browserView.webContents.on('page-favicon-updated', async (_, favicons) => {
-        // 使用动态窗口ID，支持标签在窗口间转移
-        const currentWindowId = browserView.webTabWindowId;
-        const wd = webTabWindows.get(currentWindowId);
-        if (!wd || !wd.window) return;
-
-        const tabId = browserView.webContents.id;
-        const faviconUrl = favicons[favicons.length - 1] || '';
-
-        // 验证并转换 favicon 为 base64
-        const base64Favicon = await utils.fetchFaviconAsBase64(faviconUrl);
-
-        // 保存验证后的 favicon 到视图对象
-        const viewItem = wd.views.find(v => v.id === tabId);
-        if (viewItem) {
-            viewItem.favicon = base64Favicon || '';
-        }
-
-        // 发送验证后的 favicon 给前端
-        utils.onDispatchEvent(wd.window.webContents, {
-            event: 'favicon',
-            id: tabId,
-            favicon: base64Favicon || ''
-        }).then(_ => { });
-    });
-    // 页面加载状态管理，忽略SPA路由切换(isSameDocument)
-    browserView._loadingActive = false;
-    browserView._loadingChecker = null;
-    const dispatchLoading = (event) => {
-        const wd = webTabWindows.get(browserView.webTabWindowId);
-        if (wd && wd.window) {
-            utils.onDispatchEvent(wd.window.webContents, {
-                event,
-                id: browserView.webContents.id,
-            }).then(_ => { });
-        }
-    };
-    const startLoading = () => {
-        if (browserView._loadingActive) return;
-        browserView._loadingActive = true;
-        dispatchLoading('start-loading');
-        if (!browserView._loadingChecker) {
-            browserView._loadingChecker = setInterval(() => {
-                if (browserView.webContents.isDestroyed() || !browserView.webContents.isLoading()) {
-                    stopLoading();
-                }
-            }, 3000);
-        }
-    };
-    const stopLoading = () => {
-        if (browserView._loadingChecker) {
-            clearInterval(browserView._loadingChecker);
-            browserView._loadingChecker = null;
-        }
-        if (!browserView._loadingActive) return;
-        browserView._loadingActive = false;
-        dispatchLoading('stop-loading');
-    };
-    browserView.webContents.on('did-start-navigation', (_, _url, _isInPlace, isMainFrame, _frameProcessId, _frameRoutingId, _navigationId, isSameDocument) => {
-        if (isMainFrame && !isSameDocument) {
-            startLoading();
-        }
-    });
-    browserView.webContents.on('did-stop-loading', _ => {
-        stopLoading();
-        if (nativeTheme.shouldUseDarkColors) {
-            browserView.setBackgroundColor('#FFFFFF');
-        }
-    });
-    browserView.webContents.on('before-input-event', (event, input) => {
-        // 使用动态窗口ID，支持标签在窗口间转移
-        const currentWindowId = browserView.webTabWindowId;
-        if (utils.isMetaOrControl(input) && input.key.toLowerCase() === 'r') {
-            browserView.webContents.reload();
-            event.preventDefault();
-        } else if (utils.isMetaOrControl(input) && input.key.toLowerCase() === 'w') {
-            webTabClosedByShortcut.set(currentWindowId, true);
-        } else if (utils.isMetaOrControl(input) && input.shift && input.key.toLowerCase() === 'i') {
-            browserView.webContents.toggleDevTools();
-        } else {
-            navigation.handleInput(event, input, browserView.webContents);
-        }
-    });
-
-    const originalUA = browserView.webContents.session.getUserAgent() || browserView.webContents.getUserAgent();
-    browserView.webContents.setUserAgent(originalUA + " SubTaskWindow/" + process.platform + "/" + os.arch() + "/1.0");
-
-    electronMenu.webContentsMenu(browserView.webContents, true);
-
-    // 加载地址
-    utils.loadContentUrl(browserView.webContents, serverUrl, args.url);
-
-    browserView.setVisible(true);
-
-    webTabWindow.contentView.addChildView(browserView);
-
-    return browserView;
-}
-
-/**
- * 获取当前内置浏览器标签
- * @returns {object|undefined}
- */
-function currentWebTab() {
-    // 找到第一个活跃窗口
-    for (const [windowId, windowData] of webTabWindows) {
-        if (windowData.window && !windowData.window.isDestroyed()) {
-            return currentWebTabInWindow(windowId);
-        }
-    }
-    return undefined;
-}
-
-/**
- * 获取指定窗口的当前内置浏览器标签
- * @param windowId
- * @returns {object|undefined}
- */
-function currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) {
-    const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId);
-    if (!windowData || !windowData.window) return undefined;
-
-    const webTabView = windowData.views;
-    const webTabWindow = windowData.window;
-
-    // 第一：使用当前可见的标签
-    try {
-        const item = webTabView.find(({view}) => view?.getVisible && view.getVisible());
-        if (item) {
-            return item;
-        }
-    } catch (e) {}
-    // 第二：使用当前聚焦的 webContents
-    try {
-        const focused = require('electron').webContents.getFocusedWebContents?.();
-        if (focused) {
-            const item = webTabView.find(it => it.id === focused.id);
-            if (item) {
-                return item;
-            }
-        }
-    } catch (e) {}
-    // 兜底：根据 children 顺序选择最上层的可用视图
-    const children = webTabWindow.contentView?.children || [];
-    for (let i = children.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-        const id = children[i]?.webContents?.id;
-        const item = webTabView.find(it => it.id === id);
-        if (item) {
-            return item;
-        }
-    }
-    return undefined;
-}
-
-/**
- * 根据 tabId 查找所属窗口ID
- * @param tabId
- * @returns {number|null}
- */
-function findWindowIdByTabId(tabId) {
-    for (const [windowId, windowData] of webTabWindows) {
-        if (windowData.views.some(v => v.id === tabId)) {
-            return windowId;
-        }
-    }
-    return null;
-}
-
-/**
- * 重新加载内置浏览器标签
- * @param windowId
- * @param id
- */
-function reloadWebTabInWindow(windowId, id) {
-    const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId);
-    if (!windowData) return;
-
-    const item = id === 0 ? currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) : windowData.views.find(item => item.id == id);
-    if (!item) {
-        return;
-    }
-    item.view.webContents.reload();
-}
-
-/**
- * 内置浏览器标签打开开发者工具
- * @param windowId
- * @param id
- */
-function devToolsWebTabInWindow(windowId, id) {
-    const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId);
-    if (!windowData) return;
-
-    const item = id === 0 ? currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) : windowData.views.find(item => item.id == id);
-    if (!item) {
-        return;
-    }
-    item.view.webContents.toggleDevTools();
-}
-
-/**
- * 调整内置浏览器标签尺寸
- * @param windowId
- * @param id
- */
-function resizeWebTabInWindow(windowId, id) {
-    const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId);
-    if (!windowData || !windowData.window) return;
-
-    const webTabWindow = windowData.window;
-    const isWindowMode = windowData.mode === 'window';
-    const effectiveTabHeight = isWindowMode ? 0 : webTabHeight;
-
-    const item = id === 0 ? currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) : windowData.views.find(item => item.id == id);
-    if (!item) {
-        return;
-    }
-    item.view.setBounds({
-        x: 0,
-        y: effectiveTabHeight,
-        width: webTabWindow.getContentBounds().width || 1280,
-        height: (webTabWindow.getContentBounds().height || 800) - effectiveTabHeight,
-    });
-}
-
-/**
- * 切换内置浏览器标签
- * @param windowId
- * @param id
- */
-function activateWebTabInWindow(windowId, id) {
-    const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId);
-    if (!windowData || !windowData.window) return;
-
-    const webTabView = windowData.views;
-    const webTabWindow = windowData.window;
-    const item = id === 0 ? currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) : webTabView.find(item => item.id == id);
-    if (!item) {
-        return;
-    }
-    windowData.activeTabId = item.id;
-    webTabView.forEach(({id: vid, view}) => {
-        view.setVisible(vid === item.id);
-    });
-    resizeWebTabInWindow(windowId, item.id);
-    item.view.webContents.focus();
-    utils.onDispatchEvent(webTabWindow.webContents, {
-        event: 'switch',
-        id: item.id,
-    }).then(_ => { });
-}
-
-/**
- * 关闭内置浏览器标签
- * @param windowId
- * @param id
- */
-function closeWebTabInWindow(windowId, id) {
-    const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId);
-    if (!windowData || !windowData.window) return;
-
-    const webTabView = windowData.views;
-    const webTabWindow = windowData.window;
-    const isWindowMode = windowData.mode === 'window';
-
-    const item = id === 0 ? currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) : webTabView.find(item => item.id == id);
-    if (!item) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // window 模式下直接关闭整个窗口
-    if (isWindowMode) {
-        webTabView.forEach(({name}) => {
-            if (name) webTabNameMap.delete(name);
-        });
-        webTabWindow.destroy();
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (webTabView.length === 1) {
-        webTabWindow.hide();
-    }
-    webTabWindow.contentView.removeChildView(item.view);
-
-    // 清理 name 映射
-    if (item.name) {
-        webTabNameMap.delete(item.name);
-    }
-
-    try {
-        item.view.webContents.close();
-    } catch (e) {
-        //
-    }
-
-    const index = webTabView.findIndex(({id}) => item.id == id);
-    if (index > -1) {
-        webTabView.splice(index, 1);
-    }
-
-    utils.onDispatchEvent(webTabWindow.webContents, {
-        event: 'close',
-        id: item.id,
-    }).then(_ => { });
-
-    if (webTabView.length === 0) {
-        userConf.set('webTabWindow', webTabWindow.getBounds());
-        webTabWindow.destroy();
-    } else {
-        activateWebTabInWindow(windowId, 0);
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * 分离标签到新窗口
- * @param windowId 源窗口ID
- * @param tabId 标签ID
- * @param screenX 屏幕X坐标
- * @param screenY 屏幕Y坐标
- * @returns {number|null} 新窗口ID
- */
-function detachWebTab(windowId, tabId, screenX, screenY) {
-    const sourceWindowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId);
-    if (!sourceWindowData) return null;
-
-    const tabIndex = sourceWindowData.views.findIndex(v => v.id === tabId);
-    if (tabIndex === -1) return null;
-
-    const tabItem = sourceWindowData.views[tabIndex];
-    const view = tabItem.view;
-    const favicon = tabItem.favicon || '';
-    const tabName = tabItem.name || null;
-    const sourceWindow = sourceWindowData.window;
-
-    // 从源窗口移除视图
-    sourceWindow.contentView.removeChildView(view);
-    sourceWindowData.views.splice(tabIndex, 1);
-
-    // 通知源窗口标签已关闭
-    utils.onDispatchEvent(sourceWindow.webContents, {
-        event: 'close',
-        id: tabId,
-    }).then(_ => { });
-
-    // 创建新窗口，使用源窗口的尺寸
-    const sourceBounds = sourceWindow.getBounds();
-    const newWindowId = webTabWindowIdCounter++;
-
-    // 先创建窗口实例
-    const newWindow = createWebTabWindowInstance(newWindowId, {
-        width: sourceBounds.width,
-        height: sourceBounds.height,
-    });
-
-    // 计算窗口位置，让鼠标大致在标签区域
-    const navAreaWidth = isMac ? 280 : 200;
-    const targetX = Math.round(screenX - navAreaWidth);
-    const targetY = Math.round(screenY - Math.floor(webTabHeight / 2));
-
-    // 显示窗口前先设置位置
-    newWindow.setPosition(targetX, targetY);
-
-    const newWindowData = {
-        window: newWindow,
-        views: [{
-            id: tabId,
-            name: tabName,
-            view,
-            favicon
-        }],
-        activeTabId: tabId
-    };
-    webTabWindows.set(newWindowId, newWindowData);
-
-    // 更新视图所属窗口
-    view.webTabWindowId = newWindowId;
-
-    // 更新 name 映射中的 windowId
-    if (tabName) {
-        webTabNameMap.set(tabName, {
-            windowId: newWindowId,
-            tabId: tabId
-        });
-    }
-
-    // 添加视图到新窗口
-    newWindow.contentView.addChildView(view);
-    view.setBounds({
-        x: 0,
-        y: webTabHeight,
-        width: newWindow.getContentBounds().width || 1280,
-        height: (newWindow.getContentBounds().height || 800) - webTabHeight,
-    });
-    view.setVisible(true);
-
-    // 显示新窗口
-    newWindow.show();
-
-    // 再次确保位置正确
-    newWindow.setPosition(targetX, targetY);
-    newWindow.focus();
-
-    // 通知新窗口创建标签（传递完整状态信息）
-    newWindow.webContents.once('dom-ready', () => {
-        const isLoading = view.webContents.isLoading();
-        utils.onDispatchEvent(newWindow.webContents, {
-            event: 'create',
-            id: tabId,
-            url: view.webContents.getURL(),
-            windowId: newWindowId,
-            title: view.webContents.getTitle(),
-            state: isLoading ? 'loading' : 'loaded',
-            favicon,
-        }).then(_ => { });
-        utils.onDispatchEvent(newWindow.webContents, {
-            event: 'switch',
-            id: tabId,
-        }).then(_ => { });
-    });
-
-    // 处理源窗口
-    if (sourceWindowData.views.length === 0) {
-        // 源窗口没有标签了，关闭它
-        userConf.set('webTabWindow', sourceWindow.getBounds());
-        sourceWindow.destroy();
-    } else {
-        // 激活源窗口的下一个标签
-        activateWebTabInWindow(windowId, 0);
-    }
-
-    return newWindowId;
-}
-
-/**
- * 将标签附加到目标窗口
- * @param sourceWindowId 源窗口ID
- * @param tabId 标签ID
- * @param targetWindowId 目标窗口ID
- * @param insertIndex 插入位置（可选）
- * @returns {boolean} 是否成功
- */
-function attachWebTab(sourceWindowId, tabId, targetWindowId, insertIndex) {
-    if (sourceWindowId === targetWindowId) return false;
-
-    const sourceWindowData = webTabWindows.get(sourceWindowId);
-    const targetWindowData = webTabWindows.get(targetWindowId);
-    if (!sourceWindowData || !targetWindowData) return false;
-
-    const tabIndex = sourceWindowData.views.findIndex(v => v.id === tabId);
-    if (tabIndex === -1) return false;
-
-    const tabItem = sourceWindowData.views[tabIndex];
-    const view = tabItem.view;
-    const favicon = tabItem.favicon || '';
-    const tabName = tabItem.name || null;
-    const sourceWindow = sourceWindowData.window;
-    const targetWindow = targetWindowData.window;
-
-    // 从源窗口移除视图
-    sourceWindow.contentView.removeChildView(view);
-    sourceWindowData.views.splice(tabIndex, 1);
-
-    // 通知源窗口标签已关闭
-    utils.onDispatchEvent(sourceWindow.webContents, {
-        event: 'close',
-        id: tabId,
-    }).then(_ => { });
-
-    // 更新视图所属窗口
-    view.webTabWindowId = targetWindowId;
-
-    // 更新 name 映射中的 windowId
-    if (tabName) {
-        webTabNameMap.set(tabName, {
-            windowId: targetWindowId,
-            tabId: tabId
-        });
-    }
-
-    // 确定插入位置
-    const actualInsertIndex = typeof insertIndex === 'number'
-        ? Math.max(0, Math.min(insertIndex, targetWindowData.views.length))
-        : targetWindowData.views.length;
-
-    // 添加到目标窗口，保留 name 信息
-    targetWindowData.views.splice(actualInsertIndex, 0, {
-        id: tabId,
-        name: tabName,
-        view,
-        favicon
-    });
-    targetWindow.contentView.addChildView(view);
-
-    // 调整视图尺寸
-    view.setBounds({
-        x: 0,
-        y: webTabHeight,
-        width: targetWindow.getContentBounds().width || 1280,
-        height: (targetWindow.getContentBounds().height || 800) - webTabHeight,
-    });
-
-    // 通知目标窗口创建标签（传递完整状态信息）
-    const isLoading = view.webContents.isLoading();
-    utils.onDispatchEvent(targetWindow.webContents, {
-        event: 'create',
-        id: tabId,
-        url: view.webContents.getURL(),
-        windowId: targetWindowId,
-        title: view.webContents.getTitle(),
-        insertIndex: actualInsertIndex,
-        state: isLoading ? 'loading' : 'loaded',
-        favicon,
-    }).then(_ => { });
-
-    // 激活新添加的标签
-    activateWebTabInWindow(targetWindowId, tabId);
-
-    // 聚焦目标窗口
-    targetWindow.focus();
-
-    // 处理源窗口
-    if (sourceWindowData.views.length === 0) {
-        userConf.set('webTabWindow', sourceWindow.getBounds());
-        sourceWindow.destroy();
-    } else {
-        activateWebTabInWindow(sourceWindowId, 0);
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-/**
- * 获取所有 webTab 窗口信息（用于跨窗口拖拽检测）
- * @returns {Array}
- */
-function getAllWebTabWindowsInfo() {
-    const result = [];
-    for (const [windowId, windowData] of webTabWindows) {
-        if (windowData.window && !windowData.window.isDestroyed()) {
-            const bounds = windowData.window.getBounds();
-            result.push({
-                windowId,
-                bounds,
-                tabBarBounds: {
-                    x: bounds.x,
-                    y: bounds.y,
-                    width: bounds.width,
-                    height: webTabHeight
-                },
-                tabCount: windowData.views.length
-            });
-        }
-    }
-    return result;
-}
-
 /**
  * 监听主题变化
  */
@@ -1540,7 +498,7 @@ function monitorThemeChanges() {
         mainWindow?.setBackgroundColor(backgroundColor);
         mediaWindow?.setBackgroundColor(backgroundColor);
         // 更新所有 webTab 窗口背景
-        for (const [, windowData] of webTabWindows) {
+        for (const [, windowData] of webTabManager.getWebTabWindows()) {
             windowData.window?.setBackgroundColor(nativeTheme.shouldUseDarkColors ? '#575757' : '#FFFFFF');
         }
         // 通知所有窗口
@@ -1549,6 +507,16 @@ function monitorThemeChanges() {
                 theme: currentTheme,
             });
         });
+        // 通知所有 webTab 视图（WebContentsView 中的网站内容）
+        for (const [, windowData] of webTabManager.getWebTabWindows()) {
+            windowData.views?.forEach(({ view }) => {
+                if (view && !view.webContents.isDestroyed()) {
+                    view.webContents.send('systemThemeChanged', {
+                        theme: currentTheme,
+                    });
+                }
+            });
+        }
     })
 }
 
@@ -1562,6 +530,16 @@ if (!getTheLock) {
     app.on('ready', async () => {
         isReady = true
         isWin && app.setAppUserModelId(config.appId)
+
+        // 初始化 webTabManager
+        webTabManager.init({
+            getServerUrl: () => serverUrl,
+            getUserConf: () => userConf,
+            isWillQuitApp: () => willQuitApp,
+            electronMenu: electronMenu,
+        })
+        webTabManager.registerIPC()
+
         // 启动 Web 服务器
         try {
             await startWebServer()
@@ -1668,44 +646,6 @@ ipcMain.on('windowQuit', (event) => {
     app.quit();
 })
 
-/**
- * 获取路由窗口信息（从 webTabWindows 中查找 mode='window' 的窗口）
- */
-ipcMain.handle('getChildWindow', (event, args) => {
-    let windowData, viewItem;
-    if (!args) {
-        // 通过发送者查找
-        const sender = event.sender;
-        for (const [, data] of webTabWindows) {
-            if (data.mode === 'window') {
-                const found = data.views.find(v => v.view.webContents === sender);
-                if (found) {
-                    windowData = data;
-                    viewItem = found;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    } else {
-        // 通过名称查找
-        const location = webTabNameMap.get(args);
-        if (location) {
-            windowData = webTabWindows.get(location.windowId);
-            if (windowData && windowData.mode === 'window') {
-                viewItem = windowData.views.find(v => v.id === location.tabId);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    if (windowData && viewItem) {
-        return {
-            name: viewItem.name,
-            id: viewItem.view.webContents.id,
-            url: viewItem.view.webContents.getURL()
-        };
-    }
-    return null;
-});
-
 /**
  * 打开媒体浏览器
  */
@@ -1714,424 +654,6 @@ ipcMain.on('openMediaViewer', (event, args) => {
     event.returnValue = "ok"
 });
 
-/**
- * 统一窗口打开接口
- * @param args {url, name, mode, force, config, userAgent, webPreferences, ...}
- *   - url: 要打开的地址
- *   - name: 窗口/标签名称
- *   - mode: 'tab' | 'window'
- *     - 'window': 独立窗口模式（无导航栏）
- *     - 'tab': 标签页模式（默认，有导航栏）
- */
-ipcMain.on('openWindow', (event, args) => {
-    // 统一使用 createWebTabWindow，通过 mode 区分窗口类型
-    createWebTabWindow(args)
-    event.returnValue = "ok"
-})
-
-/**
- * 更新当前窗口/标签页的 URL 和名称（用于内部导航）
- * @param args {path, name}
- *   - path: 要加载的新路径
- *   - name: 可选，新的窗口/标签名称
- */
-ipcMain.on('updateWindow', (event, args) => {
-    if (!args) {
-        event.returnValue = "ok"
-        return
-    }
-
-    if (!utils.isJson(args)) {
-        args = {path: args}
-    }
-
-    const sender = event.sender;
-    let windowId, windowData, viewItem;
-
-    // 通过发送者查找窗口和视图
-    for (const [id, data] of webTabWindows) {
-        const found = data.views.find(v => v.view.webContents === sender);
-        if (found) {
-            windowId = id;
-            windowData = data;
-            viewItem = found;
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (!windowData || !viewItem) {
-        event.returnValue = "ok"
-        return
-    }
-
-    // 更新 URL
-    if (args.path) {
-        utils.loadContentUrl(viewItem.view.webContents, serverUrl, args.path)
-    }
-
-    // 更新名称
-    if (args.name && args.name !== viewItem.name) {
-        const oldName = viewItem.name;
-        viewItem.name = args.name;
-
-        // 更新 webTabNameMap
-        if (oldName) {
-            webTabNameMap.delete(oldName);
-        }
-        webTabNameMap.set(args.name, {
-            windowId: windowId,
-            tabId: viewItem.id
-        });
-    }
-
-    event.returnValue = "ok"
-})
-
-/**
- * 内置浏览器 - 激活标签
- * @param args {windowId, tabId} 或 tabId
- */
-ipcMain.on('webTabActivate', (event, args) => {
-    let windowId, tabId;
-    if (typeof args === 'object' && args !== null) {
-        windowId = args.windowId;
-        tabId = args.tabId;
-    } else {
-        tabId = args;
-        windowId = findWindowIdByTabId(tabId);
-    }
-    if (windowId) {
-        activateWebTabInWindow(windowId, tabId);
-    }
-    event.returnValue = "ok"
-})
-
-/**
- * 内置浏览器 - 重排标签顺序
- * @param args {windowId, newOrder} 或 newOrder数组
- */
-ipcMain.on('webTabReorder', (event, args) => {
-    let windowId, newOrder;
-    if (Array.isArray(args)) {
-        newOrder = args;
-        // 找到包含这些标签的窗口
-        if (newOrder.length > 0) {
-            windowId = findWindowIdByTabId(newOrder[0]);
-        }
-    } else if (typeof args === 'object' && args !== null) {
-        windowId = args.windowId;
-        newOrder = args.newOrder;
-    }
-
-    if (!windowId || !Array.isArray(newOrder) || newOrder.length === 0) {
-        event.returnValue = "ok"
-        return
-    }
-
-    const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId);
-    if (!windowData) {
-        event.returnValue = "ok"
-        return
-    }
-
-    // 根据新顺序重排 views 数组
-    windowData.views.sort((a, b) => {
-        const indexA = newOrder.indexOf(a.id)
-        const indexB = newOrder.indexOf(b.id)
-        return indexA - indexB
-    })
-    event.returnValue = "ok"
-})
-
-/**
- * 内置浏览器 - 关闭标签
- * @param args {windowId, tabId} 或 tabId
- */
-ipcMain.on('webTabClose', (event, args) => {
-    let windowId, tabId;
-    if (typeof args === 'object' && args !== null) {
-        windowId = args.windowId;
-        tabId = args.tabId;
-    } else {
-        tabId = args;
-        windowId = findWindowIdByTabId(tabId);
-    }
-    if (windowId) {
-        closeWebTabInWindow(windowId, tabId);
-    }
-    event.returnValue = "ok"
-})
-
-/**
- * 内置浏览器 - 在外部浏览器打开
- */
-ipcMain.on('webTabExternal', (event) => {
-    const item = currentWebTab()
-    if (!item) {
-        return
-    }
-    renderer.openExternal(item.view.webContents.getURL()).catch(() => {})
-    event.returnValue = "ok"
-})
-
-/**
- * 内置浏览器 - 显示更多菜单
- */
-ipcMain.on('webTabShowMenu', (event, args) => {
-    const windowId = args?.windowId
-    const tabId = args?.tabId
-    const windowData = windowId ? webTabWindows.get(windowId) : null
-    const webTabWindow = windowData?.window
-
-    if (!webTabWindow || webTabWindow.isDestroyed()) {
-        event.returnValue = "ok"
-        return
-    }
-
-    const item = currentWebTabInWindow(windowId)
-    const webContents = item?.view?.webContents
-    const currentUrl = webContents?.getURL() || ''
-    const canBrowser = !utils.isLocalHost(currentUrl)
-
-    const menuTemplate = [
-        {
-            label: electronMenu.language.reload,
-            click: () => {
-                if (webContents && !webContents.isDestroyed()) {
-                    webContents.reload()
-                }
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            label: electronMenu.language.copyLinkAddress,
-            enabled: canBrowser,
-            click: () => {
-                if (currentUrl) {
-                    clipboard.writeText(currentUrl)
-                }
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            label: electronMenu.language.openInDefaultBrowser,
-            enabled: canBrowser,
-            click: () => {
-                if (currentUrl) {
-                    renderer.openExternal(currentUrl).catch(() => {})
-                }
-            }
-        },
-        { type: 'separator' },
-        {
-            label: electronMenu.language.moveToNewWindow,
-            enabled: windowData?.views?.length > 1,
-            click: () => {
-                if (tabId) {
-                    const bounds = webTabWindow.getBounds()
-                    detachWebTab(windowId, tabId, bounds.x + 50, bounds.y + 50)
-                }
-            }
-        },
-        { type: 'separator' },
-        {
-            label: electronMenu.language.print,
-            click: () => {
-                if (webContents && !webContents.isDestroyed()) {
-                    webContents.print()
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    ]
-
-    const menu = Menu.buildFromTemplate(menuTemplate)
-    menu.popup({
-        window: webTabWindow,
-        x: args?.x,
-        y: args?.y
-    })
-    event.returnValue = "ok"
-})
-
-/**
- * 内置浏览器 - 打开开发者工具
- */
-ipcMain.on('webTabOpenDevTools', (event) => {
-    const item = currentWebTab()
-    if (!item) {
-        return
-    }
-    item.view.webContents.openDevTools()
-    event.returnValue = "ok"
-})
-
-/**
- * 内置浏览器 - 销毁所有标签及窗口
- */
-ipcMain.on('webTabDestroyAll', (event) => {
-    for (const [, windowData] of webTabWindows) {
-        if (windowData.window && !windowData.window.isDestroyed()) {
-            windowData.window.destroy();
-        }
-    }
-    event.returnValue = "ok"
-})
-
-/**
- * 内置浏览器 - 后退
- * @param args {windowId} 可选
- */
-ipcMain.on('webTabGoBack', (event, args) => {
-    const windowId = args?.windowId || getWindowIdFromSender(event.sender);
-    const item = windowId ? currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) : currentWebTab();
-    if (!item) {
-        event.returnValue = "ok"
-        return
-    }
-    if (item.view.webContents.canGoBack()) {
-        item.view.webContents.goBack()
-        // 导航后更新状态
-        setTimeout(() => {
-            const wd = webTabWindows.get(item.view.webTabWindowId);
-            if (wd && wd.window) {
-                utils.onDispatchEvent(wd.window.webContents, {
-                    event: 'navigation-state',
-                    id: item.id,
-                    canGoBack: item.view.webContents.canGoBack(),
-                    canGoForward: item.view.webContents.canGoForward()
-                }).then(_ => { })
-            }
-        }, 100)
-    }
-    event.returnValue = "ok"
-})
-
-/**
- * 内置浏览器 - 前进
- * @param args {windowId} 可选
- */
-ipcMain.on('webTabGoForward', (event, args) => {
-    const windowId = args?.windowId || getWindowIdFromSender(event.sender);
-    const item = windowId ? currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) : currentWebTab();
-    if (!item) {
-        event.returnValue = "ok"
-        return
-    }
-    if (item.view.webContents.canGoForward()) {
-        item.view.webContents.goForward()
-        // 导航后更新状态
-        setTimeout(() => {
-            const wd = webTabWindows.get(item.view.webTabWindowId);
-            if (wd && wd.window) {
-                utils.onDispatchEvent(wd.window.webContents, {
-                    event: 'navigation-state',
-                    id: item.id,
-                    canGoBack: item.view.webContents.canGoBack(),
-                    canGoForward: item.view.webContents.canGoForward()
-                }).then(_ => { })
-            }
-        }, 100)
-    }
-    event.returnValue = "ok"
-})
-
-/**
- * 内置浏览器 - 刷新
- * @param args {windowId} 可选
- */
-ipcMain.on('webTabReload', (event, args) => {
-    const windowId = args?.windowId || getWindowIdFromSender(event.sender);
-    const item = windowId ? currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) : currentWebTab();
-    if (!item) {
-        event.returnValue = "ok"
-        return
-    }
-    item.view.webContents.reload()
-    // 刷新完成后会触发 did-stop-loading 事件，在那里会更新导航状态
-    event.returnValue = "ok"
-})
-
-/**
- * 内置浏览器 - 停止加载
- * @param args {windowId} 可选
- */
-ipcMain.on('webTabStop', (event, args) => {
-    const windowId = args?.windowId || getWindowIdFromSender(event.sender);
-    const item = windowId ? currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) : currentWebTab();
-    if (!item) {
-        event.returnValue = "ok"
-        return
-    }
-    item.view.webContents.stop()
-    event.returnValue = "ok"
-})
-
-/**
- * 内置浏览器 - 获取导航状态
- * @param args {windowId} 可选
- */
-ipcMain.on('webTabGetNavigationState', (event, args) => {
-    const windowId = args?.windowId || getWindowIdFromSender(event.sender);
-    const item = windowId ? currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) : currentWebTab();
-    if (!item) {
-        event.returnValue = "ok"
-        return
-    }
-
-    const canGoBack = item.view.webContents.canGoBack()
-    const canGoForward = item.view.webContents.canGoForward()
-
-    const wd = webTabWindows.get(item.view.webTabWindowId);
-    if (wd && wd.window) {
-        utils.onDispatchEvent(wd.window.webContents, {
-            event: 'navigation-state',
-            id: item.id,
-            canGoBack,
-            canGoForward
-        }).then(_ => { })
-    }
-
-    event.returnValue = "ok"
-})
-
-/**
- * 从事件发送者获取窗口ID
- * @param sender
- * @returns {number|null}
- */
-function getWindowIdFromSender(sender) {
-    const win = BrowserWindow.fromWebContents(sender);
-    if (win && win.webTabWindowId) {
-        return win.webTabWindowId;
-    }
-    return null;
-}
-
-/**
- * 内置浏览器 - 分离标签到新窗口
- * @param args {windowId, tabId, screenX, screenY}
- */
-ipcMain.on('webTabDetach', (event, args) => {
-    const {windowId, tabId, screenX, screenY} = args;
-    detachWebTab(windowId, tabId, screenX, screenY);
-    event.returnValue = "ok"
-})
-
-/**
- * 内置浏览器 - 将标签附加到目标窗口
- * @param args {sourceWindowId, tabId, targetWindowId, insertIndex}
- */
-ipcMain.on('webTabAttach', (event, args) => {
-    const {sourceWindowId, tabId, targetWindowId, insertIndex} = args;
-    attachWebTab(sourceWindowId, tabId, targetWindowId, insertIndex);
-    event.returnValue = "ok"
-})
-
-/**
- * 内置浏览器 - 获取所有窗口信息（用于跨窗口拖拽检测）
- */
-ipcMain.handle('webTabGetAllWindows', () => {
-    return getAllWebTabWindowsInfo();
-})
-
 /**
  * 隐藏窗口（mac、win隐藏，其他关闭）
  */
@@ -2145,62 +667,20 @@ ipcMain.on('windowHidden', (event) => {
 })
 
 /**
- * 关闭窗口（或关闭 tab，如果发送者是 tab 中的页面）
- */
-ipcMain.on('windowClose', (event) => {
-    const tabId = event.sender.id;
-    const windowId = findWindowIdByTabId(tabId);
-    if (windowId !== null) {
-        // 发送者是 tab 中的页面，只关闭这个 tab
-        closeWebTabInWindow(windowId, tabId);
-    } else {
-        // 发送者是独立窗口，关闭整个窗口
-        const win = BrowserWindow.fromWebContents(event.sender);
-        win?.close()
-    }
-    event.returnValue = "ok"
-})
-
-/**
- * 销毁窗口（或销毁 tab，如果发送者是 tab 中的页面）
- */
-ipcMain.on('windowDestroy', (event) => {
-    const tabId = event.sender.id;
-    const windowId = findWindowIdByTabId(tabId);
-    if (windowId !== null) {
-        // 发送者是 tab 中的页面，只关闭这个 tab
-        closeWebTabInWindow(windowId, tabId);
-    } else {
-        // 发送者是独立窗口，销毁整个窗口
-        const win = BrowserWindow.fromWebContents(event.sender);
-        win?.destroy()
-    }
-    event.returnValue = "ok"
-})
-
-/**
- * 关闭所有子窗口（mode='window' 的窗口）
+ * 关闭所有子窗口（包含所有 webTab 窗口、mediaWindow 和下载窗口）
  */
 ipcMain.on('childWindowCloseAll', (event) => {
-    for (const [, data] of webTabWindows) {
-        if (data.mode === 'window' && data.window && !data.window.isDestroyed()) {
-            data.window.close();
-        }
-    }
+    webTabManager.closeAll()
     mediaWindow?.close()
     electronDown.close()
     event.returnValue = "ok"
 })
 
 /**
- * 销毁所有子窗口（mode='window' 的窗口）
+ * 销毁所有子窗口（包含所有 webTab 窗口、mediaWindow 和下载窗口）
  */
 ipcMain.on('childWindowDestroyAll', (event) => {
-    for (const [, data] of webTabWindows) {
-        if (data.mode === 'window' && data.window && !data.window.isDestroyed()) {
-            data.window.destroy();
-        }
-    }
+    webTabManager.destroyAll()
     mediaWindow?.destroy()
     electronDown.destroy()
     event.returnValue = "ok"
@@ -2546,11 +1026,7 @@ ipcMain.on('updateQuitAndInstall', (event, args) => {
 
     // 关闭所有子窗口
     willQuitApp = true
-    for (const [, data] of webTabWindows) {
-        if (data.mode === 'window' && data.window && !data.window.isDestroyed()) {
-            data.window.destroy();
-        }
-    }
+    webTabManager.destroyAllWindowMode()
     mediaWindow?.destroy()
     electronDown.destroy()
 
diff --git a/electron/lib/web-tab-manager.js b/electron/lib/web-tab-manager.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7a5c41c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/electron/lib/web-tab-manager.js
@@ -0,0 +1,1693 @@
+/**
+ * WebTab 窗口管理模块
+ *
+ * 负责管理多标签浏览器窗口，支持：
+ * - tab 模式：标签页模式（有导航栏）
+ * - window 模式：独立窗口模式（无导航栏）
+ */
+
+const path = require('path')
+const os = require('os')
+const {
+    ipcMain,
+    clipboard,
+    nativeTheme,
+    screen,
+    Menu,
+    WebContentsView,
+    BrowserWindow
+} = require('electron')
+
+const utils = require('./utils')
+const navigation = require('./navigation')
+const { allowedCalls, isMac } = require('./other')
+const { renderer } = require('./renderer')
+
+// ============================================================
+// 状态变量
+// ============================================================
+
+// Map<windowId, {window, views: [{id, view, name, favicon}], activeTabId, mode: 'tab'|'window'}>
+let webTabWindows = new Map()
+let webTabWindowIdCounter = 1
+
+// 标签名称到标签位置的映射，用于复用已存在的标签
+// Map<name, {windowId, tabId}>
+let webTabNameMap = new Map()
+
+// 标签栏高度
+const webTabHeight = 40
+
+// 快捷键关闭状态 Map<windowId, boolean>
+let webTabClosedByShortcut = new Map()
+
+// ============================================================
+// 依赖注入
+// ============================================================
+
+let _context = null
+
+/**
+ * 初始化模块
+ * @param {Object} context
+ * @param {Function} context.getServerUrl - 获取服务器URL
+ * @param {Function} context.getUserConf - 获取用户配置
+ * @param {Function} context.isWillQuitApp - 是否即将退出应用
+ * @param {Object} context.electronMenu - 菜单模块
+ */
+function init(context) {
+    _context = context
+}
+
+/**
+ * 获取服务器URL
+ */
+function getServerUrl() {
+    return _context?.getServerUrl?.() || ''
+}
+
+/**
+ * 获取用户配置
+ */
+function getUserConf() {
+    return _context?.getUserConf?.()
+}
+
+/**
+ * 是否即将退出应用
+ */
+function isWillQuitApp() {
+    return _context?.isWillQuitApp?.() || false
+}
+
+/**
+ * 获取菜单模块
+ */
+function getElectronMenu() {
+    return _context?.electronMenu
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// 核心函数
+// ============================================================
+
+/**
+ * 创建内置浏览器窗口（支持多窗口）
+ * @param args {url, windowId, position, afterId, insertIndex, name, force, userAgent, title, titleFixed, webPreferences, mode, ...}
+ *   - mode: 'tab' | 'window'
+ *     - 'window': 独立窗口模式（无导航栏）
+ *     - 'tab': 标签页模式（默认，有导航栏）
+ * @returns {number} 窗口ID
+ */
+function createWebTabWindow(args) {
+    if (!args) {
+        return
+    }
+
+    if (!utils.isJson(args)) {
+        args = { url: args }
+    }
+
+    const mode = args.mode || 'tab'
+    const isWindowMode = mode === 'window'
+
+    // 如果有 name，先查找是否已存在同名标签/窗口
+    if (args.name) {
+        const existing = webTabNameMap.get(args.name)
+        if (existing) {
+            const existingWindowData = webTabWindows.get(existing.windowId)
+            if (existingWindowData && existingWindowData.window && !existingWindowData.window.isDestroyed()) {
+                const viewItem = existingWindowData.views.find(v => v.id === existing.tabId)
+                if (viewItem && viewItem.view && !viewItem.view.webContents.isDestroyed()) {
+                    // 激活已存在的标签/窗口
+                    if (existingWindowData.window.isMinimized()) {
+                        existingWindowData.window.restore()
+                    }
+                    existingWindowData.window.focus()
+                    existingWindowData.window.show()
+                    activateWebTabInWindow(existing.windowId, existing.tabId)
+
+                    // force=true 时重新加载
+                    if (args.force === true && args.url) {
+                        utils.loadContentUrl(viewItem.view.webContents, getServerUrl(), args.url)
+                    }
+                    return existing.windowId
+                }
+            }
+            // 标签已失效，清理映射
+            webTabNameMap.delete(args.name)
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 确定目标窗口ID
+    let windowId = args.windowId
+    let windowData = windowId ? webTabWindows.get(windowId) : null
+    let webTabWindow = windowData ? windowData.window : null
+
+    // 如果没有指定窗口或窗口不存在，查找可用窗口或创建新窗口
+    if (!webTabWindow) {
+        // window 模式总是创建新窗口；tab 模式尝试使用第一个可用的 tab 窗口
+        if (!isWindowMode && !windowId) {
+            for (const [id, data] of webTabWindows) {
+                if (data.window && !data.window.isDestroyed() && data.mode !== 'window') {
+                    windowId = id
+                    windowData = data
+                    webTabWindow = data.window
+                    break
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 如果还是没有窗口，创建新窗口
+        if (!webTabWindow) {
+            windowId = webTabWindowIdCounter++
+            // 从 args 中提取窗口尺寸
+            const position = {
+                x: args.x,
+                y: args.y,
+                width: args.width,
+                height: args.height,
+                minWidth: args.minWidth,
+                minHeight: args.minHeight,
+            }
+            webTabWindow = createWebTabWindowInstance(windowId, position, mode)
+            windowData = {
+                window: webTabWindow,
+                views: [],
+                activeTabId: null,
+                mode: mode
+            }
+            webTabWindows.set(windowId, windowData)
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (webTabWindow.isMinimized()) {
+        webTabWindow.restore()
+    }
+    webTabWindow.focus()
+    webTabWindow.show()
+
+    // 创建 tab 子视图
+    const browserView = createWebTabView(windowId, args)
+
+    // 确定插入位置
+    let insertIndex = windowData.views.length
+    if (args.afterId) {
+        const afterIndex = windowData.views.findIndex(item => item.id === args.afterId)
+        if (afterIndex > -1) {
+            insertIndex = afterIndex + 1
+        }
+    }
+    if (typeof args.insertIndex === 'number') {
+        insertIndex = Math.max(0, Math.min(args.insertIndex, windowData.views.length))
+    }
+
+    // 插入到指定位置，包含 name 信息
+    windowData.views.splice(insertIndex, 0, {
+        id: browserView.webContents.id,
+        view: browserView,
+        name: args.name || null
+    })
+
+    // 如果有 name，注册到映射
+    if (args.name) {
+        webTabNameMap.set(args.name, {
+            windowId: windowId,
+            tabId: browserView.webContents.id
+        })
+    }
+
+    // tab 模式通知标签栏创建标签；window 模式设置窗口标题
+    if (isWindowMode) {
+        // window 模式下，如果传入了 title 参数，设置窗口标题
+        if (args.title) {
+            webTabWindow.setTitle(args.title)
+        }
+    } else {
+        // tab 模式下通知标签栏创建新标签
+        utils.onDispatchEvent(webTabWindow.webContents, {
+            event: 'create',
+            id: browserView.webContents.id,
+            url: args.url,
+            afterId: args.afterId,
+            windowId: windowId,
+            title: args.title,
+        }).then(_ => { })
+    }
+    activateWebTabInWindow(windowId, browserView.webContents.id)
+
+    return windowId
+}
+
+/**
+ * 创建 WebTabWindow 实例
+ * @param windowId
+ * @param position {x, y, width, height}
+ * @param mode 'tab' | 'window'
+ * @returns {BrowserWindow}
+ */
+function createWebTabWindowInstance(windowId, position, mode = 'tab') {
+    const isWindowMode = mode === 'window'
+    const { width: screenWidth, height: screenHeight } = screen.getPrimaryDisplay().workAreaSize
+    const isHighRes = screenWidth >= 2560
+
+    // 根据屏幕分辨率计算默认尺寸
+    const screenDefault = {
+        width: isHighRes ? 1440 : 1024,
+        height: isHighRes ? 900 : 768,
+        minWidth: 400,
+        minHeight: 300,
+    }
+
+    // 计算窗口尺寸和位置
+    const windowOptions = {
+        show: false,
+        autoHideMenuBar: true,
+        webPreferences: {
+            preload: path.join(__dirname, '..', 'electron-preload.js'),
+            webSecurity: true,
+            nodeIntegration: true,
+            contextIsolation: true,
+        },
+    }
+
+    const userConf = getUserConf()
+
+    if (isWindowMode) {
+        // window 模式：使用 position 参数或屏幕默认值，永远居中
+        Object.assign(windowOptions, {
+            width: Math.floor(position?.width ?? screenDefault.width),
+            height: Math.floor(position?.height ?? screenDefault.height),
+            minWidth: Math.floor(position?.minWidth ?? screenDefault.minWidth),
+            minHeight: Math.floor(position?.minHeight ?? screenDefault.minHeight),
+            backgroundColor: utils.getDefaultBackgroundColor(),
+            center: true,
+        })
+    } else {
+        // tab 模式：使用 savedBounds 或屏幕默认值
+        const savedBounds = userConf?.get('webTabWindow') || {}
+        const maxX = Math.floor(screenWidth * 0.9)
+        const maxY = Math.floor(screenHeight * 0.9)
+        Object.assign(windowOptions, {
+            width: savedBounds.width ?? screenDefault.width,
+            height: savedBounds.height ?? screenDefault.height,
+            minWidth: screenDefault.minWidth,
+            minHeight: screenDefault.minHeight,
+            backgroundColor: nativeTheme.shouldUseDarkColors ? '#575757' : '#FFFFFF',
+            center: true,
+        })
+        // 恢复保存的位置，并限制在屏幕 90% 范围内
+        if (savedBounds.x !== undefined && savedBounds.y !== undefined) {
+            Object.assign(windowOptions, {
+                x: Math.min(savedBounds.x, maxX),
+                y: Math.min(savedBounds.y, maxY),
+                center: false,
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    // tab 模式使用隐藏标题栏 + titleBarOverlay
+    if (!isWindowMode) {
+        const titleBarOverlay = {
+            height: webTabHeight
+        }
+        if (nativeTheme.shouldUseDarkColors) {
+            Object.assign(titleBarOverlay, {
+                color: '#3B3B3D',
+                symbolColor: '#C5C5C5',
+            })
+        }
+        Object.assign(windowOptions, {
+            titleBarStyle: 'hidden',
+            titleBarOverlay: titleBarOverlay,
+        })
+    }
+
+    const webTabWindow = new BrowserWindow(windowOptions)
+
+    // 保存窗口ID到窗口对象
+    webTabWindow.webTabWindowId = windowId
+
+    const originalClose = webTabWindow.close
+    webTabWindow.close = function() {
+        webTabClosedByShortcut.set(windowId, true)
+        return originalClose.apply(this, arguments)
+    }
+
+    webTabWindow.on('resize', () => {
+        resizeWebTabInWindow(windowId, 0)
+    })
+
+    webTabWindow.on('enter-full-screen', () => {
+        utils.onDispatchEvent(webTabWindow.webContents, {
+            event: 'enter-full-screen',
+        }).then(_ => { })
+    })
+
+    webTabWindow.on('leave-full-screen', () => {
+        utils.onDispatchEvent(webTabWindow.webContents, {
+            event: 'leave-full-screen',
+        }).then(_ => { })
+    })
+
+    webTabWindow.on('close', event => {
+        if (webTabClosedByShortcut.get(windowId)) {
+            webTabClosedByShortcut.set(windowId, false)
+            if (!isWillQuitApp()) {
+                closeWebTabInWindow(windowId, 0)
+                event.preventDefault()
+                return
+            }
+        }
+        // 只有 tab 模式才保存 bounds
+        const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId)
+        if (windowData && windowData.mode !== 'window') {
+            userConf?.set('webTabWindow', webTabWindow.getBounds())
+        }
+    })
+
+    webTabWindow.on('closed', () => {
+        const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId)
+        if (windowData) {
+            windowData.views.forEach(({ view, name }) => {
+                // 清理 name 映射
+                if (name) {
+                    webTabNameMap.delete(name)
+                }
+                try {
+                    view.webContents.close()
+                } catch (e) {
+                    //
+                }
+            })
+            webTabWindows.delete(windowId)
+        }
+        webTabClosedByShortcut.delete(windowId)
+    })
+
+    webTabWindow.once('ready-to-show', () => {
+        onShowWindow(webTabWindow)
+    })
+
+    webTabWindow.webContents.once('dom-ready', () => {
+        onShowWindow(webTabWindow)
+    })
+
+    webTabWindow.webContents.on('before-input-event', (event, input) => {
+        if (utils.isMetaOrControl(input) && input.key.toLowerCase() === 'r') {
+            reloadWebTabInWindow(windowId, 0)
+            event.preventDefault()
+        } else if (utils.isMetaOrControl(input) && input.key.toLowerCase() === 'w') {
+            webTabClosedByShortcut.set(windowId, true)
+        } else if (utils.isMetaOrControl(input) && input.shift && input.key.toLowerCase() === 'i') {
+            devToolsWebTabInWindow(windowId, 0)
+        } else {
+            const item = currentWebTabInWindow(windowId)
+            if (item) {
+                navigation.handleInput(event, input, item.view.webContents)
+            }
+        }
+    })
+
+    // 设置鼠标侧键和触控板手势导航
+    navigation.setupWindowEvents(webTabWindow, () => {
+        const item = currentWebTabInWindow(windowId)
+        return item ? item.view.webContents : null
+    })
+
+    // tab 模式加载标签栏界面，window 模式不需要
+    if (!isWindowMode) {
+        webTabWindow.loadFile(path.join(__dirname, '..', 'render', 'tabs', 'index.html'), { query: { windowId: String(windowId) } }).then(_ => { }).catch(_ => { })
+    }
+
+    return webTabWindow
+}
+
+/**
+ * 创建 WebTab 视图
+ * @param windowId
+ * @param args
+ * @returns {WebContentsView}
+ */
+function createWebTabView(windowId, args) {
+    const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId)
+    if (!windowData) return null
+
+    const webTabWindow = windowData.window
+    const isWindowMode = windowData.mode === 'window'
+    const effectiveTabHeight = isWindowMode ? 0 : webTabHeight
+    const electronMenu = getElectronMenu()
+
+    const viewOptions = {
+        webPreferences: Object.assign({
+            preload: path.join(__dirname, '..', 'electron-preload.js'),
+            nodeIntegration: true,
+            contextIsolation: true
+        }, args.webPreferences || {})
+    }
+    if (!viewOptions.webPreferences.contextIsolation) {
+        delete viewOptions.webPreferences.preload
+    }
+
+    const browserView = new WebContentsView(viewOptions)
+    if (args.backgroundColor) {
+        browserView.setBackgroundColor(args.backgroundColor)
+    } else if (isWindowMode) {
+        browserView.setBackgroundColor(utils.getDefaultBackgroundColor())
+    } else if (nativeTheme.shouldUseDarkColors) {
+        browserView.setBackgroundColor('#575757')
+    } else {
+        browserView.setBackgroundColor('#FFFFFF')
+    }
+    browserView.setBounds({
+        x: 0,
+        y: effectiveTabHeight,
+        width: webTabWindow.getContentBounds().width || 1280,
+        height: (webTabWindow.getContentBounds().height || 800) - effectiveTabHeight,
+    })
+
+    // 保存所属窗口ID和元数据
+    browserView.webTabWindowId = windowId
+    browserView.tabName = args.name || null
+    browserView.titleFixed = args.titleFixed || false
+
+    // 设置自定义 UserAgent
+    if (args.userAgent) {
+        const originalUA = browserView.webContents.getUserAgent()
+        browserView.webContents.setUserAgent(
+            originalUA + " SubTaskWindow/" + process.platform + "/" + os.arch() + "/1.0 " + args.userAgent
+        )
+    }
+
+    browserView.webContents.on('destroyed', () => {
+        if (browserView.tabName) {
+            webTabNameMap.delete(browserView.tabName)
+        }
+        if (browserView._loadingChecker) {
+            clearInterval(browserView._loadingChecker)
+            browserView._loadingChecker = null
+        }
+        closeWebTabInWindow(windowId, browserView.webContents.id)
+    })
+    browserView.webContents.setWindowOpenHandler(({ url }) => {
+        if (allowedCalls.test(url)) {
+            renderer.openExternal(url).catch(() => {})
+        } else if (isWindowMode) {
+            // window 模式下打开外部浏览器
+            utils.onBeforeOpenWindow(browserView.webContents, url).then(() => {
+                renderer.openExternal(url).catch(() => {})
+            })
+        } else if (url && url !== 'about:blank') {
+            // tab 模式下创建新标签
+            createWebTabWindow({ url, afterId: browserView.webContents.id, windowId })
+        }
+        return { action: 'deny' }
+    })
+    browserView.webContents.on('page-title-updated', (_, title) => {
+        // titleFixed 时不更新标题
+        if (browserView.titleFixed) {
+            return
+        }
+
+        // 使用动态窗口ID，支持标签在窗口间转移
+        const currentWindowId = browserView.webTabWindowId
+        const wd = webTabWindows.get(currentWindowId)
+        if (!wd || !wd.window) return
+
+        // 根据模式更新标题
+        if (wd.mode === 'window') {
+            // window 模式下直接设置窗口标题
+            wd.window.setTitle(title)
+        } else {
+            // tab 模式下通知标签栏更新标题
+            utils.onDispatchEvent(wd.window.webContents, {
+                event: 'title',
+                id: browserView.webContents.id,
+                title: title,
+                url: browserView.webContents.getURL(),
+            }).then(_ => { })
+        }
+    })
+    browserView.webContents.on('did-fail-load', (event, errorCode, errorDescription, validatedURL, isMainFrame) => {
+        if (!errorDescription) {
+            return
+        }
+        // 主框架加载失败时，展示内置的错误页面
+        if (isMainFrame) {
+            const originalUrl = validatedURL || args.url || ''
+            const filePath = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'render', 'tabs', 'error.html')
+            browserView.webContents.loadFile(filePath, {
+                query: {
+                    id: String(browserView.webContents.id),
+                    url: originalUrl,
+                    code: String(errorCode),
+                    desc: errorDescription,
+                }
+            }).then(_ => { }).catch(_ => { })
+            return
+        }
+        // 使用动态窗口ID，支持标签在窗口间转移
+        const currentWindowId = browserView.webTabWindowId
+        const wd = webTabWindows.get(currentWindowId)
+        if (!wd || !wd.window) return
+        utils.onDispatchEvent(wd.window.webContents, {
+            event: 'title',
+            id: browserView.webContents.id,
+            title: errorDescription,
+            url: browserView.webContents.getURL(),
+        }).then(_ => { })
+    })
+    browserView.webContents.on('page-favicon-updated', async (_, favicons) => {
+        // 使用动态窗口ID，支持标签在窗口间转移
+        const currentWindowId = browserView.webTabWindowId
+        const wd = webTabWindows.get(currentWindowId)
+        if (!wd || !wd.window) return
+
+        const tabId = browserView.webContents.id
+        const faviconUrl = favicons[favicons.length - 1] || ''
+
+        // 验证并转换 favicon 为 base64
+        const base64Favicon = await utils.fetchFaviconAsBase64(faviconUrl)
+
+        // 保存验证后的 favicon 到视图对象
+        const viewItem = wd.views.find(v => v.id === tabId)
+        if (viewItem) {
+            viewItem.favicon = base64Favicon || ''
+        }
+
+        // 发送验证后的 favicon 给前端
+        utils.onDispatchEvent(wd.window.webContents, {
+            event: 'favicon',
+            id: tabId,
+            favicon: base64Favicon || ''
+        }).then(_ => { })
+    })
+    // 页面加载状态管理，忽略SPA路由切换(isSameDocument)
+    browserView._loadingActive = false
+    browserView._loadingChecker = null
+    const dispatchLoading = (event) => {
+        const wd = webTabWindows.get(browserView.webTabWindowId)
+        if (wd && wd.window) {
+            utils.onDispatchEvent(wd.window.webContents, {
+                event,
+                id: browserView.webContents.id,
+            }).then(_ => { })
+        }
+    }
+    const startLoading = () => {
+        if (browserView._loadingActive) return
+        browserView._loadingActive = true
+        dispatchLoading('start-loading')
+        if (!browserView._loadingChecker) {
+            browserView._loadingChecker = setInterval(() => {
+                if (browserView.webContents.isDestroyed() || !browserView.webContents.isLoading()) {
+                    stopLoading()
+                }
+            }, 3000)
+        }
+    }
+    const stopLoading = () => {
+        if (browserView._loadingChecker) {
+            clearInterval(browserView._loadingChecker)
+            browserView._loadingChecker = null
+        }
+        if (!browserView._loadingActive) return
+        browserView._loadingActive = false
+        dispatchLoading('stop-loading')
+    }
+    browserView.webContents.on('did-start-navigation', (_, _url, _isInPlace, isMainFrame, _frameProcessId, _frameRoutingId, _navigationId, isSameDocument) => {
+        if (isMainFrame && !isSameDocument) {
+            startLoading()
+        }
+    })
+    browserView.webContents.on('did-stop-loading', _ => {
+        stopLoading()
+        if (nativeTheme.shouldUseDarkColors) {
+            browserView.setBackgroundColor('#FFFFFF')
+        }
+    })
+    browserView.webContents.on('before-input-event', (event, input) => {
+        // 使用动态窗口ID，支持标签在窗口间转移
+        const currentWindowId = browserView.webTabWindowId
+        if (utils.isMetaOrControl(input) && input.key.toLowerCase() === 'r') {
+            browserView.webContents.reload()
+            event.preventDefault()
+        } else if (utils.isMetaOrControl(input) && input.key.toLowerCase() === 'w') {
+            webTabClosedByShortcut.set(currentWindowId, true)
+        } else if (utils.isMetaOrControl(input) && input.shift && input.key.toLowerCase() === 'i') {
+            browserView.webContents.toggleDevTools()
+        } else {
+            navigation.handleInput(event, input, browserView.webContents)
+        }
+    })
+
+    const originalUA = browserView.webContents.session.getUserAgent() || browserView.webContents.getUserAgent()
+    browserView.webContents.setUserAgent(originalUA + " SubTaskWindow/" + process.platform + "/" + os.arch() + "/1.0")
+
+    electronMenu?.webContentsMenu(browserView.webContents, true)
+
+    // 加载地址
+    utils.loadContentUrl(browserView.webContents, getServerUrl(), args.url)
+
+    browserView.setVisible(true)
+
+    webTabWindow.contentView.addChildView(browserView)
+
+    return browserView
+}
+
+/**
+ * 获取当前内置浏览器标签
+ * @returns {object|undefined}
+ */
+function currentWebTab() {
+    // 找到第一个活跃窗口
+    for (const [windowId, windowData] of webTabWindows) {
+        if (windowData.window && !windowData.window.isDestroyed()) {
+            return currentWebTabInWindow(windowId)
+        }
+    }
+    return undefined
+}
+
+/**
+ * 获取指定窗口的当前内置浏览器标签
+ * @param windowId
+ * @returns {object|undefined}
+ */
+function currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) {
+    const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId)
+    if (!windowData || !windowData.window) return undefined
+
+    const webTabView = windowData.views
+    const webTabWindow = windowData.window
+
+    // 第一：使用当前可见的标签
+    try {
+        const item = webTabView.find(({ view }) => view?.getVisible && view.getVisible())
+        if (item) {
+            return item
+        }
+    } catch (e) {}
+    // 第二：使用当前聚焦的 webContents
+    try {
+        const focused = require('electron').webContents.getFocusedWebContents?.()
+        if (focused) {
+            const item = webTabView.find(it => it.id === focused.id)
+            if (item) {
+                return item
+            }
+        }
+    } catch (e) {}
+    // 兜底：根据 children 顺序选择最上层的可用视图
+    const children = webTabWindow.contentView?.children || []
+    for (let i = children.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        const id = children[i]?.webContents?.id
+        const item = webTabView.find(it => it.id === id)
+        if (item) {
+            return item
+        }
+    }
+    return undefined
+}
+
+/**
+ * 根据 tabId 查找所属窗口ID
+ * @param tabId
+ * @returns {number|null}
+ */
+function findWindowIdByTabId(tabId) {
+    for (const [windowId, windowData] of webTabWindows) {
+        if (windowData.views.some(v => v.id === tabId)) {
+            return windowId
+        }
+    }
+    return null
+}
+
+/**
+ * 重新加载内置浏览器标签
+ * @param windowId
+ * @param id
+ */
+function reloadWebTabInWindow(windowId, id) {
+    const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId)
+    if (!windowData) return
+
+    const item = id === 0 ? currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) : windowData.views.find(item => item.id == id)
+    if (!item) {
+        return
+    }
+    item.view.webContents.reload()
+}
+
+/**
+ * 内置浏览器标签打开开发者工具
+ * @param windowId
+ * @param id
+ */
+function devToolsWebTabInWindow(windowId, id) {
+    const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId)
+    if (!windowData) return
+
+    const item = id === 0 ? currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) : windowData.views.find(item => item.id == id)
+    if (!item) {
+        return
+    }
+    item.view.webContents.toggleDevTools()
+}
+
+/**
+ * 调整内置浏览器标签尺寸
+ * @param windowId
+ * @param id
+ */
+function resizeWebTabInWindow(windowId, id) {
+    const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId)
+    if (!windowData || !windowData.window) return
+
+    const webTabWindow = windowData.window
+    const isWindowMode = windowData.mode === 'window'
+    const effectiveTabHeight = isWindowMode ? 0 : webTabHeight
+
+    const item = id === 0 ? currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) : windowData.views.find(item => item.id == id)
+    if (!item) {
+        return
+    }
+    item.view.setBounds({
+        x: 0,
+        y: effectiveTabHeight,
+        width: webTabWindow.getContentBounds().width || 1280,
+        height: (webTabWindow.getContentBounds().height || 800) - effectiveTabHeight,
+    })
+}
+
+/**
+ * 切换内置浏览器标签
+ * @param windowId
+ * @param id
+ */
+function activateWebTabInWindow(windowId, id) {
+    const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId)
+    if (!windowData || !windowData.window) return
+
+    const webTabView = windowData.views
+    const webTabWindow = windowData.window
+    const item = id === 0 ? currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) : webTabView.find(item => item.id == id)
+    if (!item) {
+        return
+    }
+    windowData.activeTabId = item.id
+    webTabView.forEach(({ id: vid, view }) => {
+        view.setVisible(vid === item.id)
+    })
+    resizeWebTabInWindow(windowId, item.id)
+    item.view.webContents.focus()
+    utils.onDispatchEvent(webTabWindow.webContents, {
+        event: 'switch',
+        id: item.id,
+    }).then(_ => { })
+}
+
+/**
+ * 关闭内置浏览器标签
+ * @param windowId
+ * @param id
+ */
+function closeWebTabInWindow(windowId, id) {
+    const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId)
+    if (!windowData || !windowData.window) return
+
+    const webTabView = windowData.views
+    const webTabWindow = windowData.window
+    const isWindowMode = windowData.mode === 'window'
+    const userConf = getUserConf()
+
+    const item = id === 0 ? currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) : webTabView.find(item => item.id == id)
+    if (!item) {
+        return
+    }
+
+    // window 模式下直接关闭整个窗口
+    if (isWindowMode) {
+        webTabView.forEach(({ name }) => {
+            if (name) webTabNameMap.delete(name)
+        })
+        webTabWindow.destroy()
+        return
+    }
+
+    if (webTabView.length === 1) {
+        webTabWindow.hide()
+    }
+    webTabWindow.contentView.removeChildView(item.view)
+
+    // 清理 name 映射
+    if (item.name) {
+        webTabNameMap.delete(item.name)
+    }
+
+    try {
+        item.view.webContents.close()
+    } catch (e) {
+        //
+    }
+
+    const index = webTabView.findIndex(({ id }) => item.id == id)
+    if (index > -1) {
+        webTabView.splice(index, 1)
+    }
+
+    utils.onDispatchEvent(webTabWindow.webContents, {
+        event: 'close',
+        id: item.id,
+    }).then(_ => { })
+
+    if (webTabView.length === 0) {
+        userConf?.set('webTabWindow', webTabWindow.getBounds())
+        webTabWindow.destroy()
+    } else {
+        activateWebTabInWindow(windowId, 0)
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * 分离标签到新窗口
+ * @param windowId 源窗口ID
+ * @param tabId 标签ID
+ * @param screenX 屏幕X坐标
+ * @param screenY 屏幕Y坐标
+ * @returns {number|null} 新窗口ID
+ */
+function detachWebTab(windowId, tabId, screenX, screenY) {
+    const sourceWindowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId)
+    if (!sourceWindowData) return null
+
+    const tabIndex = sourceWindowData.views.findIndex(v => v.id === tabId)
+    if (tabIndex === -1) return null
+
+    const tabItem = sourceWindowData.views[tabIndex]
+    const view = tabItem.view
+    const favicon = tabItem.favicon || ''
+    const tabName = tabItem.name || null
+    const sourceWindow = sourceWindowData.window
+    const userConf = getUserConf()
+
+    // 从源窗口移除视图
+    sourceWindow.contentView.removeChildView(view)
+    sourceWindowData.views.splice(tabIndex, 1)
+
+    // 通知源窗口标签已关闭
+    utils.onDispatchEvent(sourceWindow.webContents, {
+        event: 'close',
+        id: tabId,
+    }).then(_ => { })
+
+    // 创建新窗口，使用源窗口的尺寸
+    const sourceBounds = sourceWindow.getBounds()
+    const newWindowId = webTabWindowIdCounter++
+
+    // 先创建窗口实例
+    const newWindow = createWebTabWindowInstance(newWindowId, {
+        width: sourceBounds.width,
+        height: sourceBounds.height,
+    })
+
+    // 计算窗口位置，让鼠标大致在标签区域
+    const navAreaWidth = isMac ? 280 : 200
+    const targetX = Math.round(screenX - navAreaWidth)
+    const targetY = Math.round(screenY - Math.floor(webTabHeight / 2))
+
+    // 显示窗口前先设置位置
+    newWindow.setPosition(targetX, targetY)
+
+    const newWindowData = {
+        window: newWindow,
+        views: [{
+            id: tabId,
+            name: tabName,
+            view,
+            favicon
+        }],
+        activeTabId: tabId,
+        mode: 'tab'
+    }
+    webTabWindows.set(newWindowId, newWindowData)
+
+    // 更新视图所属窗口
+    view.webTabWindowId = newWindowId
+
+    // 更新 name 映射中的 windowId
+    if (tabName) {
+        webTabNameMap.set(tabName, {
+            windowId: newWindowId,
+            tabId: tabId
+        })
+    }
+
+    // 添加视图到新窗口
+    newWindow.contentView.addChildView(view)
+    view.setBounds({
+        x: 0,
+        y: webTabHeight,
+        width: newWindow.getContentBounds().width || 1280,
+        height: (newWindow.getContentBounds().height || 800) - webTabHeight,
+    })
+    view.setVisible(true)
+
+    // 显示新窗口
+    newWindow.show()
+
+    // 再次确保位置正确
+    newWindow.setPosition(targetX, targetY)
+    newWindow.focus()
+
+    // 通知新窗口创建标签（传递完整状态信息）
+    newWindow.webContents.once('dom-ready', () => {
+        const isLoading = view.webContents.isLoading()
+        utils.onDispatchEvent(newWindow.webContents, {
+            event: 'create',
+            id: tabId,
+            url: view.webContents.getURL(),
+            windowId: newWindowId,
+            title: view.webContents.getTitle(),
+            state: isLoading ? 'loading' : 'loaded',
+            favicon,
+        }).then(_ => { })
+        utils.onDispatchEvent(newWindow.webContents, {
+            event: 'switch',
+            id: tabId,
+        }).then(_ => { })
+    })
+
+    // 处理源窗口
+    if (sourceWindowData.views.length === 0) {
+        // 源窗口没有标签了，关闭它
+        userConf?.set('webTabWindow', sourceWindow.getBounds())
+        sourceWindow.destroy()
+    } else {
+        // 激活源窗口的下一个标签
+        activateWebTabInWindow(windowId, 0)
+    }
+
+    return newWindowId
+}
+
+/**
+ * 将标签附加到目标窗口
+ * @param sourceWindowId 源窗口ID
+ * @param tabId 标签ID
+ * @param targetWindowId 目标窗口ID
+ * @param insertIndex 插入位置（可选）
+ * @returns {boolean} 是否成功
+ */
+function attachWebTab(sourceWindowId, tabId, targetWindowId, insertIndex) {
+    if (sourceWindowId === targetWindowId) return false
+
+    const sourceWindowData = webTabWindows.get(sourceWindowId)
+    const targetWindowData = webTabWindows.get(targetWindowId)
+    if (!sourceWindowData || !targetWindowData) return false
+
+    const tabIndex = sourceWindowData.views.findIndex(v => v.id === tabId)
+    if (tabIndex === -1) return false
+
+    const tabItem = sourceWindowData.views[tabIndex]
+    const view = tabItem.view
+    const favicon = tabItem.favicon || ''
+    const tabName = tabItem.name || null
+    const sourceWindow = sourceWindowData.window
+    const targetWindow = targetWindowData.window
+    const userConf = getUserConf()
+
+    // 从源窗口移除视图
+    sourceWindow.contentView.removeChildView(view)
+    sourceWindowData.views.splice(tabIndex, 1)
+
+    // 通知源窗口标签已关闭
+    utils.onDispatchEvent(sourceWindow.webContents, {
+        event: 'close',
+        id: tabId,
+    }).then(_ => { })
+
+    // 更新视图所属窗口
+    view.webTabWindowId = targetWindowId
+
+    // 更新 name 映射中的 windowId
+    if (tabName) {
+        webTabNameMap.set(tabName, {
+            windowId: targetWindowId,
+            tabId: tabId
+        })
+    }
+
+    // 确定插入位置
+    const actualInsertIndex = typeof insertIndex === 'number'
+        ? Math.max(0, Math.min(insertIndex, targetWindowData.views.length))
+        : targetWindowData.views.length
+
+    // 添加到目标窗口，保留 name 信息
+    targetWindowData.views.splice(actualInsertIndex, 0, {
+        id: tabId,
+        name: tabName,
+        view,
+        favicon
+    })
+    targetWindow.contentView.addChildView(view)
+
+    // 调整视图尺寸
+    view.setBounds({
+        x: 0,
+        y: webTabHeight,
+        width: targetWindow.getContentBounds().width || 1280,
+        height: (targetWindow.getContentBounds().height || 800) - webTabHeight,
+    })
+
+    // 通知目标窗口创建标签（传递完整状态信息）
+    const isLoading = view.webContents.isLoading()
+    utils.onDispatchEvent(targetWindow.webContents, {
+        event: 'create',
+        id: tabId,
+        url: view.webContents.getURL(),
+        windowId: targetWindowId,
+        title: view.webContents.getTitle(),
+        insertIndex: actualInsertIndex,
+        state: isLoading ? 'loading' : 'loaded',
+        favicon,
+    }).then(_ => { })
+
+    // 激活新添加的标签
+    activateWebTabInWindow(targetWindowId, tabId)
+
+    // 聚焦目标窗口
+    targetWindow.focus()
+
+    // 处理源窗口
+    if (sourceWindowData.views.length === 0) {
+        userConf?.set('webTabWindow', sourceWindow.getBounds())
+        sourceWindow.destroy()
+    } else {
+        activateWebTabInWindow(sourceWindowId, 0)
+    }
+
+    return true
+}
+
+/**
+ * 获取所有 webTab 窗口信息（用于跨窗口拖拽检测）
+ * @returns {Array}
+ */
+function getAllWebTabWindowsInfo() {
+    const result = []
+    for (const [windowId, windowData] of webTabWindows) {
+        if (windowData.window && !windowData.window.isDestroyed()) {
+            const bounds = windowData.window.getBounds()
+            result.push({
+                windowId,
+                bounds,
+                tabBarBounds: {
+                    x: bounds.x,
+                    y: bounds.y,
+                    width: bounds.width,
+                    height: webTabHeight
+                },
+                tabCount: windowData.views.length
+            })
+        }
+    }
+    return result
+}
+
+/**
+ * 从事件发送者获取窗口ID
+ * @param sender
+ * @returns {number|null}
+ */
+function getWindowIdFromSender(sender) {
+    const win = BrowserWindow.fromWebContents(sender)
+    if (win && win.webTabWindowId) {
+        return win.webTabWindowId
+    }
+    return null
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// 辅助函数
+// ============================================================
+
+// 窗口显示状态管理
+let showState = {}
+
+function onShowWindow(win) {
+    try {
+        if (typeof showState[win.webContents.id] === 'undefined') {
+            showState[win.webContents.id] = true
+            win.show()
+        }
+    } catch (e) {
+        // loger.error(e)
+    }
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// 对外接口
+// ============================================================
+
+/**
+ * 获取所有 webTab 窗口（用于主题更新等）
+ * @returns {Map}
+ */
+function getWebTabWindows() {
+    return webTabWindows
+}
+
+/**
+ * 销毁所有 webTab 窗口
+ */
+function destroyAll() {
+    for (const [, windowData] of webTabWindows) {
+        if (windowData.window && !windowData.window.isDestroyed()) {
+            windowData.window.destroy()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * 关闭所有 webTab 窗口
+ * 通过逐个关闭标签实现，当最后一个标签关闭时窗口自动销毁
+ */
+function closeAll() {
+    // 复制 windowId 列表，避免遍历时 Map 被修改
+    const windowIds = [...webTabWindows.keys()]
+    for (const windowId of windowIds) {
+        const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId)
+        if (windowData && windowData.window && !windowData.window.isDestroyed()) {
+            // 复制 tabId 列表
+            const tabIds = windowData.views.map(v => v.id)
+            // 逐个关闭标签，最后一个关闭时窗口自动销毁
+            for (const tabId of tabIds) {
+                closeWebTabInWindow(windowId, tabId)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * 关闭所有 mode='window' 的窗口
+ */
+function closeAllWindowMode() {
+    for (const [, data] of webTabWindows) {
+        if (data.mode === 'window' && data.window && !data.window.isDestroyed()) {
+            data.window.close()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * 销毁所有 mode='window' 的窗口
+ */
+function destroyAllWindowMode() {
+    for (const [, data] of webTabWindows) {
+        if (data.mode === 'window' && data.window && !data.window.isDestroyed()) {
+            data.window.destroy()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// IPC 注册
+// ============================================================
+
+/**
+ * 注册所有 webTab 相关的 IPC 事件
+ */
+function registerIPC() {
+    const electronMenu = getElectronMenu()
+
+    /**
+     * 获取路由窗口信息（从 webTabWindows 中查找 mode='window' 的窗口）
+     */
+    ipcMain.handle('getChildWindow', (event, args) => {
+        let windowData, viewItem
+        if (!args) {
+            // 通过发送者查找
+            const sender = event.sender
+            for (const [, data] of webTabWindows) {
+                if (data.mode === 'window') {
+                    const found = data.views.find(v => v.view.webContents === sender)
+                    if (found) {
+                        windowData = data
+                        viewItem = found
+                        break
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // 通过名称查找
+            const location = webTabNameMap.get(args)
+            if (location) {
+                windowData = webTabWindows.get(location.windowId)
+                if (windowData && windowData.mode === 'window') {
+                    viewItem = windowData.views.find(v => v.id === location.tabId)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (windowData && viewItem) {
+            return {
+                name: viewItem.name,
+                id: viewItem.view.webContents.id,
+                url: viewItem.view.webContents.getURL()
+            }
+        }
+        return null
+    })
+
+    /**
+     * 统一窗口打开接口
+     */
+    ipcMain.on('openWindow', (event, args) => {
+        createWebTabWindow(args)
+        event.returnValue = "ok"
+    })
+
+    /**
+     * 更新当前窗口/标签页的 URL 和名称
+     */
+    ipcMain.on('updateWindow', (event, args) => {
+        if (!args) {
+            event.returnValue = "ok"
+            return
+        }
+
+        if (!utils.isJson(args)) {
+            args = { path: args }
+        }
+
+        const sender = event.sender
+        let windowId, windowData, viewItem
+
+        // 通过发送者查找窗口和视图
+        for (const [id, data] of webTabWindows) {
+            const found = data.views.find(v => v.view.webContents === sender)
+            if (found) {
+                windowId = id
+                windowData = data
+                viewItem = found
+                break
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!windowData || !viewItem) {
+            event.returnValue = "ok"
+            return
+        }
+
+        // 更新 URL
+        if (args.path) {
+            utils.loadContentUrl(viewItem.view.webContents, getServerUrl(), args.path)
+        }
+
+        // 更新名称
+        if (args.name && args.name !== viewItem.name) {
+            const oldName = viewItem.name
+            viewItem.name = args.name
+
+            // 更新 webTabNameMap
+            if (oldName) {
+                webTabNameMap.delete(oldName)
+            }
+            webTabNameMap.set(args.name, {
+                windowId: windowId,
+                tabId: viewItem.id
+            })
+        }
+
+        event.returnValue = "ok"
+    })
+
+    /**
+     * 内置浏览器 - 激活标签
+     */
+    ipcMain.on('webTabActivate', (event, args) => {
+        let windowId, tabId
+        if (typeof args === 'object' && args !== null) {
+            windowId = args.windowId
+            tabId = args.tabId
+        } else {
+            tabId = args
+            windowId = findWindowIdByTabId(tabId)
+        }
+        if (windowId) {
+            activateWebTabInWindow(windowId, tabId)
+        }
+        event.returnValue = "ok"
+    })
+
+    /**
+     * 内置浏览器 - 重排标签顺序
+     */
+    ipcMain.on('webTabReorder', (event, args) => {
+        let windowId, newOrder
+        if (Array.isArray(args)) {
+            newOrder = args
+            if (newOrder.length > 0) {
+                windowId = findWindowIdByTabId(newOrder[0])
+            }
+        } else if (typeof args === 'object' && args !== null) {
+            windowId = args.windowId
+            newOrder = args.newOrder
+        }
+
+        if (!windowId || !Array.isArray(newOrder) || newOrder.length === 0) {
+            event.returnValue = "ok"
+            return
+        }
+
+        const windowData = webTabWindows.get(windowId)
+        if (!windowData) {
+            event.returnValue = "ok"
+            return
+        }
+
+        windowData.views.sort((a, b) => {
+            const indexA = newOrder.indexOf(a.id)
+            const indexB = newOrder.indexOf(b.id)
+            return indexA - indexB
+        })
+        event.returnValue = "ok"
+    })
+
+    /**
+     * 内置浏览器 - 关闭标签
+     */
+    ipcMain.on('webTabClose', (event, args) => {
+        let windowId, tabId
+        if (typeof args === 'object' && args !== null) {
+            windowId = args.windowId
+            tabId = args.tabId
+        } else {
+            tabId = args
+            windowId = findWindowIdByTabId(tabId)
+        }
+        if (windowId) {
+            closeWebTabInWindow(windowId, tabId)
+        }
+        event.returnValue = "ok"
+    })
+
+    /**
+     * 内置浏览器 - 在外部浏览器打开
+     */
+    ipcMain.on('webTabExternal', (event) => {
+        const item = currentWebTab()
+        if (!item) {
+            return
+        }
+        renderer.openExternal(item.view.webContents.getURL()).catch(() => {})
+        event.returnValue = "ok"
+    })
+
+    /**
+     * 内置浏览器 - 显示更多菜单
+     */
+    ipcMain.on('webTabShowMenu', (event, args) => {
+        const windowId = args?.windowId
+        const tabId = args?.tabId
+        const windowData = windowId ? webTabWindows.get(windowId) : null
+        const webTabWindow = windowData?.window
+
+        if (!webTabWindow || webTabWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+            event.returnValue = "ok"
+            return
+        }
+
+        const item = currentWebTabInWindow(windowId)
+        const webContents = item?.view?.webContents
+        const currentUrl = webContents?.getURL() || ''
+        const canBrowser = !utils.isLocalHost(currentUrl)
+
+        const menuTemplate = [
+            {
+                label: electronMenu?.language?.reload || 'Reload',
+                click: () => {
+                    if (webContents && !webContents.isDestroyed()) {
+                        webContents.reload()
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+            {
+                label: electronMenu?.language?.copyLinkAddress || 'Copy Link',
+                enabled: canBrowser,
+                click: () => {
+                    if (currentUrl) {
+                        clipboard.writeText(currentUrl)
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+            {
+                label: electronMenu?.language?.openInDefaultBrowser || 'Open in Browser',
+                enabled: canBrowser,
+                click: () => {
+                    if (currentUrl) {
+                        renderer.openExternal(currentUrl).catch(() => {})
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+            { type: 'separator' },
+            {
+                label: electronMenu?.language?.moveToNewWindow || 'Move to New Window',
+                enabled: windowData?.views?.length > 1,
+                click: () => {
+                    if (tabId) {
+                        const bounds = webTabWindow.getBounds()
+                        detachWebTab(windowId, tabId, bounds.x + 50, bounds.y + 50)
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+            { type: 'separator' },
+            {
+                label: electronMenu?.language?.print || 'Print',
+                click: () => {
+                    if (webContents && !webContents.isDestroyed()) {
+                        webContents.print()
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        ]
+
+        const menu = Menu.buildFromTemplate(menuTemplate)
+        menu.popup({
+            window: webTabWindow,
+            x: args?.x,
+            y: args?.y
+        })
+        event.returnValue = "ok"
+    })
+
+    /**
+     * 内置浏览器 - 打开开发者工具
+     */
+    ipcMain.on('webTabOpenDevTools', (event) => {
+        const item = currentWebTab()
+        if (!item) {
+            return
+        }
+        item.view.webContents.openDevTools()
+        event.returnValue = "ok"
+    })
+
+    /**
+     * 内置浏览器 - 销毁所有标签及窗口
+     */
+    ipcMain.on('webTabDestroyAll', (event) => {
+        destroyAll()
+        event.returnValue = "ok"
+    })
+
+    /**
+     * 内置浏览器 - 后退
+     */
+    ipcMain.on('webTabGoBack', (event, args) => {
+        const windowId = args?.windowId || getWindowIdFromSender(event.sender)
+        const item = windowId ? currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) : currentWebTab()
+        if (!item) {
+            event.returnValue = "ok"
+            return
+        }
+        if (item.view.webContents.canGoBack()) {
+            item.view.webContents.goBack()
+            setTimeout(() => {
+                const wd = webTabWindows.get(item.view.webTabWindowId)
+                if (wd && wd.window) {
+                    utils.onDispatchEvent(wd.window.webContents, {
+                        event: 'navigation-state',
+                        id: item.id,
+                        canGoBack: item.view.webContents.canGoBack(),
+                        canGoForward: item.view.webContents.canGoForward()
+                    }).then(_ => { })
+                }
+            }, 100)
+        }
+        event.returnValue = "ok"
+    })
+
+    /**
+     * 内置浏览器 - 前进
+     */
+    ipcMain.on('webTabGoForward', (event, args) => {
+        const windowId = args?.windowId || getWindowIdFromSender(event.sender)
+        const item = windowId ? currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) : currentWebTab()
+        if (!item) {
+            event.returnValue = "ok"
+            return
+        }
+        if (item.view.webContents.canGoForward()) {
+            item.view.webContents.goForward()
+            setTimeout(() => {
+                const wd = webTabWindows.get(item.view.webTabWindowId)
+                if (wd && wd.window) {
+                    utils.onDispatchEvent(wd.window.webContents, {
+                        event: 'navigation-state',
+                        id: item.id,
+                        canGoBack: item.view.webContents.canGoBack(),
+                        canGoForward: item.view.webContents.canGoForward()
+                    }).then(_ => { })
+                }
+            }, 100)
+        }
+        event.returnValue = "ok"
+    })
+
+    /**
+     * 内置浏览器 - 刷新
+     */
+    ipcMain.on('webTabReload', (event, args) => {
+        const windowId = args?.windowId || getWindowIdFromSender(event.sender)
+        const item = windowId ? currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) : currentWebTab()
+        if (!item) {
+            event.returnValue = "ok"
+            return
+        }
+        item.view.webContents.reload()
+        event.returnValue = "ok"
+    })
+
+    /**
+     * 内置浏览器 - 停止加载
+     */
+    ipcMain.on('webTabStop', (event, args) => {
+        const windowId = args?.windowId || getWindowIdFromSender(event.sender)
+        const item = windowId ? currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) : currentWebTab()
+        if (!item) {
+            event.returnValue = "ok"
+            return
+        }
+        item.view.webContents.stop()
+        event.returnValue = "ok"
+    })
+
+    /**
+     * 内置浏览器 - 获取导航状态
+     */
+    ipcMain.on('webTabGetNavigationState', (event, args) => {
+        const windowId = args?.windowId || getWindowIdFromSender(event.sender)
+        const item = windowId ? currentWebTabInWindow(windowId) : currentWebTab()
+        if (!item) {
+            event.returnValue = "ok"
+            return
+        }
+
+        const canGoBack = item.view.webContents.canGoBack()
+        const canGoForward = item.view.webContents.canGoForward()
+
+        const wd = webTabWindows.get(item.view.webTabWindowId)
+        if (wd && wd.window) {
+            utils.onDispatchEvent(wd.window.webContents, {
+                event: 'navigation-state',
+                id: item.id,
+                canGoBack,
+                canGoForward
+            }).then(_ => { })
+        }
+
+        event.returnValue = "ok"
+    })
+
+    /**
+     * 内置浏览器 - 分离标签到新窗口
+     */
+    ipcMain.on('webTabDetach', (event, args) => {
+        const { windowId, tabId, screenX, screenY } = args
+        detachWebTab(windowId, tabId, screenX, screenY)
+        event.returnValue = "ok"
+    })
+
+    /**
+     * 内置浏览器 - 将标签附加到目标窗口
+     */
+    ipcMain.on('webTabAttach', (event, args) => {
+        const { sourceWindowId, tabId, targetWindowId, insertIndex } = args
+        attachWebTab(sourceWindowId, tabId, targetWindowId, insertIndex)
+        event.returnValue = "ok"
+    })
+
+    /**
+     * 内置浏览器 - 获取所有窗口信息
+     */
+    ipcMain.handle('webTabGetAllWindows', () => {
+        return getAllWebTabWindowsInfo()
+    })
+
+    /**
+     * 关闭窗口（或关闭 tab）
+     */
+    ipcMain.on('windowClose', (event) => {
+        const tabId = event.sender.id
+        const windowId = findWindowIdByTabId(tabId)
+        if (windowId !== null) {
+            closeWebTabInWindow(windowId, tabId)
+        } else {
+            const win = BrowserWindow.fromWebContents(event.sender)
+            win?.close()
+        }
+        event.returnValue = "ok"
+    })
+
+    /**
+     * 销毁窗口（或销毁 tab）
+     */
+    ipcMain.on('windowDestroy', (event) => {
+        const tabId = event.sender.id
+        const windowId = findWindowIdByTabId(tabId)
+        if (windowId !== null) {
+            closeWebTabInWindow(windowId, tabId)
+        } else {
+            const win = BrowserWindow.fromWebContents(event.sender)
+            win?.destroy()
+        }
+        event.returnValue = "ok"
+    })
+
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// 导出
+// ============================================================
+
+module.exports = {
+    // 初始化
+    init,
+    registerIPC,
+
+    // 核心功能
+    createWebTabWindow,
+    closeWebTabInWindow,
+    activateWebTabInWindow,
+    findWindowIdByTabId,
+
+    // 对外接口
+    getWebTabWindows,
+    closeAll,
+    destroyAll,
+    closeAllWindowMode,
+    destroyAllWindowMode,
+}