"""OIDC (OpenID Connect) authentication service.

Provides provider-agnostic OIDC operations: discovery, authorization URL
generation, token exchange, ID token validation, and userinfo retrieval.
"""

from __future__ import annotations

import logging
import secrets
import time
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Any
from urllib.parse import urlencode

import httpx
import jwt
from jwt import PyJWK

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

# ── Data types ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

OIDC_DISCOVERY_PATH = "/.well-known/openid-configuration"
METADATA_CACHE_TTL = 300  # 5 minutes
JWKS_CACHE_TTL = 300


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class OIDCMetadata:
    """Resolved OIDC provider metadata after discovery."""

    issuer: str
    authorization_endpoint: str
    token_endpoint: str
    userinfo_endpoint: str | None
    jwks_uri: str


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class OIDCIdentity:
    """Normalized identity extracted from an OIDC provider response."""

    provider: str
    subject: str
    email: str
    email_verified: bool
    name: str | None
    claims: dict[str, Any]


class OIDCError(Exception):
    """Base error for OIDC operations. Message is safe for API responses."""


class OIDCProviderError(OIDCError):
    """The OIDC provider returned an error (e.g. access_denied)."""


class OIDCValidationError(OIDCError):
    """ID token validation failed."""


class OIDCUserInfoMismatch(OIDCError):
    """UserInfo sub does not match ID token sub."""


# ── Service ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────


class OIDCService:
    """OIDC authentication service.

    Uses in-process caching for provider metadata and JWKS. The cache is
    keyed by the provider's ``issuer`` — different providers get separate
    entries. TTLs are configurable via constructor arguments.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        metadata_cache_ttl: float = METADATA_CACHE_TTL,
        jwks_cache_ttl: float = JWKS_CACHE_TTL,
    ) -> None:
        self._metadata_cache: dict[str, tuple[float, dict[str, Any]]] = {}
        self._jwks_cache: dict[str, tuple[float, dict[str, Any]]] = {}
        self._metadata_ttl = metadata_cache_ttl
        self._jwks_ttl = jwks_cache_ttl
        self._http = httpx.AsyncClient(timeout=httpx.Timeout(15.0))

    async def close(self) -> None:
        """Close the underlying HTTP client."""
        await self._http.aclose()

    # ── Discovery ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    async def discover(self, issuer: str, overrides: dict[str, str | None] | None = None) -> OIDCMetadata:
        """Fetch and cache OIDC discovery metadata from the issuer.

        ``overrides`` may contain endpoint URIs to override discovery values
        (e.g. for providers with non-standard endpoints).
        """
        now = time.time()
        cached = self._metadata_cache.get(issuer)
        if cached and now - cached[0] < self._metadata_ttl:
            return self._metadata_from_dict(cached[1], overrides)

        discovery_url = issuer.rstrip("/") + OIDC_DISCOVERY_PATH
        try:
            resp = await self._http.get(discovery_url)
            resp.raise_for_status()
            data: dict[str, Any] = resp.json()
        except httpx.HTTPStatusError as exc:
            raise OIDCError(f"OIDC discovery failed for issuer {issuer}: HTTP {exc.response.status_code}") from exc
        except httpx.RequestError as exc:
            raise OIDCError(f"OIDC discovery failed for issuer {issuer}: {exc}") from exc

        discovered_issuer = data.get("issuer")
        if not discovered_issuer:
            raise OIDCError(f"OIDC discovery response from {issuer} is missing the issuer field")

        # RFC 8414 §4: the metadata issuer must equal the configured issuer.
        # Pinning it prevents a tampered/rogue discovery document from steering
        # the accepted `iss` (and thus the ID-token forgery surface) to an
        # attacker-chosen value.
        if discovered_issuer.rstrip("/") != issuer.rstrip("/"):
            raise OIDCError(f"OIDC discovered issuer '{discovered_issuer}' does not match configured issuer '{issuer}'")

        self._metadata_cache[issuer] = (now, data)
        return self._metadata_from_dict(data, overrides)

    def _metadata_from_dict(self, data: dict[str, Any], overrides: dict[str, str | None] | None) -> OIDCMetadata:
        """Build OIDCMetadata from a discovery dict, applying endpoint overrides."""
        overrides = overrides or {}
        return OIDCMetadata(
            issuer=data["issuer"],
            authorization_endpoint=overrides.get("authorization_endpoint") or data["authorization_endpoint"],
            token_endpoint=overrides.get("token_endpoint") or data["token_endpoint"],
            userinfo_endpoint=overrides.get("userinfo_endpoint") or data.get("userinfo_endpoint"),
            jwks_uri=overrides.get("jwks_uri") or data["jwks_uri"],
        )

    # ── Authorization URL ──────────────────────────────────────────────────

    def build_authorization_url(
        self,
        metadata: OIDCMetadata,
        client_id: str,
        redirect_uri: str,
        scopes: list[str],
        state: str,
        nonce: str | None = None,
        code_challenge: str | None = None,
    ) -> str:
        """Build the OIDC authorization URL for the provider.

        Returns a URL the browser should be redirected to.
        """
        params: dict[str, str] = {
            "response_type": "code",
            "client_id": client_id,
            "redirect_uri": redirect_uri,
            "scope": " ".join(scopes),
            "state": state,
        }
        if nonce:
            params["nonce"] = nonce
        if code_challenge:
            params["code_challenge"] = code_challenge
            params["code_challenge_method"] = "S256"

        return f"{metadata.authorization_endpoint}?{urlencode(params)}"

    # ── Token exchange ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    async def exchange_code(
        self,
        metadata: OIDCMetadata,
        client_id: str,
        client_secret: str | None,
        code: str,
        redirect_uri: str,
        code_verifier: str | None = None,
        auth_method: str = "client_secret_post",
    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """Exchange the authorization code for tokens at the token endpoint."""
        data: dict[str, str] = {
            "grant_type": "authorization_code",
            "code": code,
            "redirect_uri": redirect_uri,
            "client_id": client_id,
        }
        if code_verifier:
            data["code_verifier"] = code_verifier

        headers: dict[str, str] = {"Accept": "application/json"}

        if auth_method == "client_secret_basic" and client_secret:
            import base64

            creds = base64.b64encode(f"{client_id}:{client_secret}".encode()).decode("ascii")
            headers["Authorization"] = f"Basic {creds}"
        elif auth_method == "client_secret_post" and client_secret:
            data["client_secret"] = client_secret

        try:
            resp = await self._http.post(metadata.token_endpoint, data=data, headers=headers)
            resp.raise_for_status()
            return resp.json()
        except httpx.HTTPStatusError as exc:
            body = "unknown"
            try:
                body = exc.response.text[:200]
            except Exception:
                pass
            raise OIDCError(f"Token exchange failed: HTTP {exc.response.status_code} — {body}") from exc
        except httpx.RequestError as exc:
            raise OIDCError(f"Token exchange failed: {exc}") from exc

    # ── JWKS loading ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    async def _load_jwks(self, jwks_uri: str, force_refresh: bool = False) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """Load (and cache) JWKS from the provider.

        Set ``force_refresh=True`` to bypass the cache (e.g. on a kid miss).
        """
        now = time.time()
        cached = self._jwks_cache.get(jwks_uri)
        if not force_refresh and cached and now - cached[0] < self._jwks_ttl:
            return cached[1]

        try:
            resp = await self._http.get(jwks_uri)
            resp.raise_for_status()
            data: dict[str, Any] = resp.json()
        except httpx.HTTPStatusError as exc:
            raise OIDCError(f"JWKS fetch failed: HTTP {exc.response.status_code}") from exc
        except httpx.RequestError as exc:
            raise OIDCError(f"JWKS fetch failed: {exc}") from exc

        self._jwks_cache[jwks_uri] = (now, data)
        return data

    async def _resolve_signing_key(
        self,
        jwks_data: dict[str, Any],
        kid: str | None,
        algorithm: str,
        jwks_uri: str,
    ) -> Any | None:
        """Find the signing key matching ``kid`` in the JWKS.

        Returns the key object or ``None`` if no match is found. Catches
        invalid JWK entries (e.g. wrong key type for the algorithm) and
        logs a warning so a single bad entry does not crash validation.
        """
        for jwk_dict in jwks_data.get("keys", []):
            if kid and jwk_dict.get("kid") != kid:
                continue
            try:
                jwk = PyJWK(jwk_dict, algorithm=algorithm)
                return jwk.key
            except jwt.PyJWTError as exc:
                logger.warning("Skipping invalid JWK (kid=%s) from %s: %s", kid, jwks_uri, exc)
                if not kid:
                    # No kid in token — try next key
                    continue
                # kid was specified and this key is the one — fail fast
                raise OIDCValidationError(f"JWK for kid={kid} is invalid: {exc}") from exc
        return None

    # ── ID token validation ────────────────────────────────────────────────

    async def validate_id_token(
        self,
        metadata: OIDCMetadata,
        client_id: str,
        id_token: str,
        nonce: str | None = None,
    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """Validate the ID token and return its claims.

        Validates: signature (via JWKS), issuer, audience, expiration,
        issued-at, and nonce (if provided).
        """
        jwks_data = await self._load_jwks(metadata.jwks_uri)

        # Resolve the signing key from the JWKS using the token's kid header
        jwt_header = jwt.get_unverified_header(id_token)
        kid = jwt_header.get("kid")
        alg = jwt_header.get("alg", "RS256")

        allowed_algorithms = ["RS256", "RS384", "RS512", "ES256", "ES384", "ES512"]
        if alg not in allowed_algorithms:
            raise OIDCValidationError(f"ID token uses unsupported algorithm '{alg}'")

        # Resolve signing key, refetching JWKS once on kid miss for key rotation
        signing_key = await self._resolve_signing_key(jwks_data, kid, alg, metadata.jwks_uri)
        if signing_key is None:
            jwks_data = await self._load_jwks(metadata.jwks_uri, force_refresh=True)
            signing_key = await self._resolve_signing_key(jwks_data, kid, alg, metadata.jwks_uri)
            if signing_key is None:
                raise OIDCValidationError(f"No matching JWK found for kid={kid} after JWKS refresh")

        try:
            claims = jwt.decode(
                id_token,
                key=signing_key,
                algorithms=allowed_algorithms,
                audience=client_id,
                issuer=metadata.issuer,
                options={
                    "verify_exp": True,
                    "verify_iat": True,
                    "require": ["exp", "iss", "sub", "aud"],
                },
            )
        except jwt.ExpiredSignatureError:
            raise OIDCValidationError("ID token has expired")
        except jwt.InvalidIssuerError:
            raise OIDCValidationError("ID token has an invalid issuer")
        except jwt.InvalidAudienceError:
            raise OIDCValidationError("ID token has an invalid audience")
        except jwt.PyJWTError as exc:
            raise OIDCValidationError(f"ID token validation failed: {exc}") from exc

        # Validate nonce if expected
        if nonce is not None:
            token_nonce = claims.get("nonce")
            if not token_nonce:
                raise OIDCValidationError("ID token is missing the nonce claim")
            if not _constant_time_compare(nonce, token_nonce):
                raise OIDCValidationError("ID token nonce does not match")

        return claims

    # ── UserInfo ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    async def fetch_userinfo(self, metadata: OIDCMetadata, access_token: str, expected_sub: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """Fetch userinfo from the UserInfo endpoint.

        Validates that the ``sub`` claim matches ``expected_sub``
        (from the ID token) to prevent userinfo injection.
        """
        if not metadata.userinfo_endpoint:
            return {}

        headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {access_token}"}
        try:
            resp = await self._http.get(metadata.userinfo_endpoint, headers=headers)
            resp.raise_for_status()
            userinfo: dict[str, Any] = resp.json()
        except httpx.HTTPStatusError as exc:
            raise OIDCError(f"UserInfo fetch failed: HTTP {exc.response.status_code}") from exc
        except httpx.RequestError as exc:
            raise OIDCError(f"UserInfo fetch failed: {exc}") from exc

        if userinfo.get("sub") and userinfo["sub"] != expected_sub:
            raise OIDCUserInfoMismatch("UserInfo sub does not match ID token sub")

        return userinfo

    # ── Orchestrated callback ──────────────────────────────────────────────

    async def authenticate_callback(
        self,
        provider_id: str,
        metadata: OIDCMetadata,
        client_id: str,
        client_secret: str | None,
        code: str,
        redirect_uri: str,
        code_verifier: str | None = None,
        nonce: str | None = None,
        auth_method: str = "client_secret_post",
    ) -> OIDCIdentity:
        """Orchestrate the full OIDC callback: token exchange, ID token validation, userinfo.

        Returns a normalized ``OIDCIdentity``.
        """
        token_response = await self.exchange_code(
            metadata=metadata,
            client_id=client_id,
            client_secret=client_secret,
            code=code,
            redirect_uri=redirect_uri,
            code_verifier=code_verifier,
            auth_method=auth_method,
        )

        id_token = token_response.get("id_token")
        if not id_token:
            raise OIDCError("Token response is missing id_token")

        access_token = token_response.get("access_token", "")

        claims = await self.validate_id_token(
            metadata=metadata,
            client_id=client_id,
            id_token=id_token,
            nonce=nonce,
        )

        # Fetch userinfo for email/name if not present in ID token
        userinfo: dict[str, Any] = {}
        if metadata.userinfo_endpoint and access_token:
            try:
                userinfo = await self.fetch_userinfo(
                    metadata=metadata,
                    access_token=access_token,
                    expected_sub=claims["sub"],
                )
            except OIDCError as exc:
                logger.warning("OIDC userinfo fetch failed (continuing with ID token): %s", exc)

        # Merge userinfo into claims (userinfo takes precedence for email)
        merged = {**claims, **userinfo}

        email = merged.get("email") or ""
        email_verified = merged.get("email_verified") is True

        return OIDCIdentity(
            provider=provider_id,
            subject=claims["sub"],
            email=email,
            email_verified=email_verified,
            name=merged.get("name"),
            claims=merged,
        )


def _constant_time_compare(a: str, b: str) -> bool:
    """Constant-time string comparison."""
    return secrets.compare_digest(a, b)