fix(schedule): guard task saves with an optimistic version CAS

update/pause/resume read the aggregate and persist it whole; a dispatch
or completion committing between those operations previously got
overwritten by the stale snapshot -- rolling back next_run_at,
run_count, and last_run_id, after which the next poll re-launches an
already-executed occurrence.

- ScheduledTask gains a `version` token owned by the storage write path;
  every committed write (save CAS, record_launch, record_completion,
  claim_due, cancel_stuck_once_tasks) increments it.
- `save()` is now a compare-and-set on that version: a stale write
  raises the new ConcurrentUpdateError instead of committing.
- The service retries the read-modify-write (re-applying the aggregate
  transitions to a fresh read) up to 3 times, then surfaces the
  conflict for the router to map to a retryable 409.

Also exports LaunchIndeterminateError from the package root, missed in
the previous commit.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

backend/packages/harness/deerflow/domain/schedule/__init__.py

@@ -18,10 +18,12 @@ from deerflow.domain.schedule.commands import (
 )
 from deerflow.domain.schedule.exceptions import (
     ActiveRunConflictError,
+    ConcurrentUpdateError,
     CorruptStoredScheduleError,
     InvalidContextModeError,
     InvalidScheduleError,
     LaunchFailedError,
+    LaunchIndeterminateError,
     ScheduleError,
     TaskNotFoundError,
     TaskNotMutableError,
@@ -51,6 +53,7 @@ __all__ = [
     "TERMINAL_TASK_STATUSES",
     "UNSET",
     "ActiveRunConflictError",
+    "ConcurrentUpdateError",
     "ContextChange",
     "ContextMode",
     "CorruptStoredScheduleError",
@@ -61,6 +64,7 @@ __all__ = [
     "InvalidContextModeError",
     "InvalidScheduleError",
     "LaunchFailedError",
+    "LaunchIndeterminateError",
     "PauseTask",
     "ResumeTask",
     "RunStatus",

backend/packages/harness/deerflow/domain/schedule/exceptions.py

@@ -44,6 +44,16 @@ class CorruptStoredScheduleError(ScheduleError):
     """
 
 
+class ConcurrentUpdateError(ScheduleError):
+    """The aggregate changed between this caller's read and its write.
+
+    Raised by the task repository's `save` when the stored version no longer
+    matches the aggregate's -- a dispatch or completion committed in between.
+    The service retries the read-modify-write a bounded number of times and
+    then lets this surface; the router maps it to a retryable conflict.
+    """
+
+
 class ActiveRunConflictError(ScheduleError):
     """The task already holds its single active run slot.
 

backend/packages/harness/deerflow/domain/schedule/model/task.py

@@ -82,6 +82,15 @@ class ScheduledTask:
     last_thread_id: str | None = None
     last_error: str | None = None
     run_count: int = 0
+    version: int = 0
+    """Optimistic-concurrency token, owned by the storage write path.
+
+    Every committed write -- `save`'s compare-and-set, `record_launch`,
+    `record_completion` -- increments the stored value. The aggregate's own
+    transitions deliberately leave it alone: it identifies the snapshot this
+    aggregate was read from, which is exactly what `save` compares against
+    to refuse a write racing the run lifecycle (`ConcurrentUpdateError`).
+    """
     created_at: datetime = field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(UTC))
     updated_at: datetime = field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(UTC))
 

backend/packages/harness/deerflow/domain/schedule/ports.py

@@ -90,13 +90,25 @@ class ScheduledTaskRepository(Protocol):
         ...
 
     async def save(self, task: ScheduledTask) -> ScheduledTask | None:
-        """Persist a whole aggregate, keyed by its own id and owner.
+        """Persist a whole aggregate -- a compare-and-set on its version.
+
+        The write commits only when the stored version still equals
+        `task.version`; the stored value is then incremented and the stored
+        state returned. A mismatch raises ConcurrentUpdateError: the aggregate
+        was read before a dispatch/completion committed, and replacing the row
+        would roll back the fields those writes own (`next_run_at`,
+        `run_count`, `last_run_id`), re-arming an already-executed occurrence.
 
         Whole-aggregate replacement rather than a field patch: the aggregate is
         immutable, so a caller that changed anything is holding a complete new
-        value. Returns None when the row is absent or owned by someone else.
+        value -- the version check is what makes that shape safe. Returns None
+        when the row is absent or owned by someone else.
 
         Not to be used for the post-dispatch write -- see `record_launch`.
+
+        Raises:
+            ConcurrentUpdateError: the stored version moved past
+                `task.version` since the caller's read.
         """
         ...
 
@@ -151,7 +163,9 @@ class ScheduledTaskRepository(Protocol):
         aggregate would reintroduce the very race the flag exists to close.
 
         Every field is assigned unconditionally, so a caller preserving a value
-        must pass the current one back. The claim is always released.
+        must pass the current one back. The claim is always released. Like
+        every committed write, this increments the stored version so a stale
+        `save` racing it is refused.
         """
         ...
 
@@ -185,7 +199,9 @@ class ScheduledTaskRepository(Protocol):
 
         Scoped by `user_id` like every other read: a task belonging to someone
         else is left alone rather than reported. An unknown task is ignored --
-        one deleted mid-flight simply has nothing to update.
+        one deleted mid-flight simply has nothing to update. Like every
+        committed write, this increments the stored version so a stale `save`
+        racing it is refused.
         """
         ...
 

backend/packages/harness/deerflow/domain/schedule/service.py

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ from deerflow.domain.schedule.commands import (
 )
 from deerflow.domain.schedule.exceptions import (
     ActiveRunConflictError,
+    ConcurrentUpdateError,
     LaunchFailedError,
     LaunchIndeterminateError,
     TaskNotFoundError,
@@ -56,6 +57,11 @@ from deerflow.domain.schedule.ports import (
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
+# How many times a read-modify-write is re-attempted when its version CAS
+# loses to a concurrent dispatch/completion write before the conflict is
+# surfaced to the caller.
+_SAVE_ATTEMPTS = 3
+
 # Shared so the has_active fast path and the active-slot race path produce
 # byte-identical outcomes for the same "task already has an active run"
 # condition. Two callers must not be able to tell which one rejected them.
@@ -167,33 +173,40 @@ class ScheduleService:
         transitions, so the re-arm rule and the running-task gate cannot be
         bypassed by patching fields directly.
         """
-        task = await self.get_task(cmd.task_id, user_id=cmd.user_id)
-        task.ensure_mutable()
 
-        if cmd.context is not UNSET:
+        async def apply(task: ScheduledTask) -> ScheduledTask:
-            task = task.with_context(cmd.context.context_mode, cmd.context.thread_id)
+            task.ensure_mutable()
-            await self._require_thread(task)
+            if cmd.context is not UNSET:
-        if cmd.schedule is not UNSET:
+                task = task.with_context(cmd.context.context_mode, cmd.context.thread_id)
-            task = task.with_schedule(cmd.schedule, now=now, policy=self._policy)
+                await self._require_thread(task)
-        if cmd.title is not UNSET:
+            if cmd.schedule is not UNSET:
-            task = replace(task, title=cmd.title)
+                task = task.with_schedule(cmd.schedule, now=now, policy=self._policy)
-        if cmd.prompt is not UNSET:
+            if cmd.title is not UNSET:
-            task = replace(task, prompt=cmd.prompt)
+                task = replace(task, title=cmd.title)
+            if cmd.prompt is not UNSET:
+                task = replace(task, prompt=cmd.prompt)
+            return task
 
-        return await self._save(task)
+        return await self._mutate_task(cmd.task_id, cmd.user_id, apply)
 
     async def pause_task(self, cmd: PauseTask) -> ScheduledTask:
         """Stop claiming this task until it is resumed.
 
         Refused while the task is being dispatched -- see `ensure_mutable`.
         """
-        task = await self.get_task(cmd.task_id, user_id=cmd.user_id)
+
-        return await self._save(task.paused())
+        async def apply(task: ScheduledTask) -> ScheduledTask:
+            return task.paused()
+
+        return await self._mutate_task(cmd.task_id, cmd.user_id, apply)
 
     async def resume_task(self, cmd: ResumeTask) -> ScheduledTask:
         """Re-admit this task to claiming. Same gate as `pause_task`."""
-        task = await self.get_task(cmd.task_id, user_id=cmd.user_id)
+
-        return await self._save(task.resumed())
+        async def apply(task: ScheduledTask) -> ScheduledTask:
+            return task.resumed()
+
+        return await self._mutate_task(cmd.task_id, cmd.user_id, apply)
 
     async def delete_task(self, cmd: DeleteTask) -> None:
         """Deleting is deliberately not gated on the task being idle: the
@@ -361,14 +374,36 @@ class ScheduleService:
         if not task.thread_id or not await self._threads.exists_for_user(task.thread_id, task.user_id):
             raise ThreadNotFoundError("Thread not found")
 
-    async def _save(self, task: ScheduledTask) -> ScheduledTask:
+    async def _mutate_task(self, task_id: str, user_id: str, apply) -> ScheduledTask:
-        """Persist an already-validated aggregate.
+        """Read-modify-write with optimistic retry.
 
-        Read-modify-write rather than a conditional UPDATE: pushing the
+        `save` is a version compare-and-set, so a dispatch or completion
-        "not while running" rule into a storage predicate would put it beyond
+        committing between this read and this write is detected rather than
-        the reach of a zero-IO test and give it a second home. The pre-existing
+        overwritten -- a stale aggregate would roll back `next_run_at`,
-        code had the same shape, and closing the window properly needs
+        `run_count`, and `last_run_id`, and the next poll would re-launch an
-        optimistic locking, which needs a schema change.
+        already-executed occurrence. On conflict the intent is re-applied to a
+        fresh read (re-validating every aggregate rule against current state);
+        a write that keeps losing surfaces ConcurrentUpdateError after
+        `_SAVE_ATTEMPTS` rounds instead of spinning.
+
+        The business rules stay in `apply` (aggregate transitions), not in a
+        storage predicate: the version comparison is the only thing the
+        repository decides.
+        """
+        for attempt in range(_SAVE_ATTEMPTS):
+            task = await self.get_task(task_id, user_id=user_id)
+            try:
+                return await self._save(await apply(task))
+            except ConcurrentUpdateError:
+                if attempt == _SAVE_ATTEMPTS - 1:
+                    raise
+        raise AssertionError("unreachable: the loop either returns or re-raises")
+
+    async def _save(self, task: ScheduledTask) -> ScheduledTask:
+        """Persist an already-validated aggregate through the version CAS.
+
+        Raises TaskNotFoundError when the row is absent or owned by someone
+        else; lets ConcurrentUpdateError propagate to the retry loop above.
         """
         saved = await self._tasks.save(task)
         if saved is None:

backend/tests/schedule_fakes.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field, replace
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 
-from deerflow.domain.schedule.exceptions import ActiveRunConflictError
+from deerflow.domain.schedule.exceptions import ActiveRunConflictError, ConcurrentUpdateError
 from deerflow.domain.schedule.model import (
     ACTIVE_RUN_STATUSES,
     TERMINAL_RUN_STATUSES,
@@ -87,8 +87,10 @@ class InMemoryScheduledTaskRepository:
         row = self._rows.get(task.task_id)
         if row is None or row.task.user_id != task.user_id:
             return None
-        row.task = task
+        if row.task.version != task.version:
-        return task
+            raise ConcurrentUpdateError(f"scheduled task {task.task_id!r} was modified concurrently (expected version {task.version}, stored {row.task.version})")
+        row.task = replace(task, version=task.version + 1)
+        return row.task
 
     async def delete(self, task_id: str, *, user_id: str) -> bool:
         row = self._rows.get(task_id)
@@ -118,7 +120,7 @@ class InMemoryScheduledTaskRepository:
             # Stands in for whatever identity a real adapter records.
             row.lease_owner = "fake-worker"
             row.lease_expires_at = now + timedelta(seconds=lease_seconds)
-            row.task = replace(row.task, status=TaskStatus.RUNNING)
+            row.task = replace(row.task, status=TaskStatus.RUNNING, version=row.task.version + 1)
             claimed.append(row.task)
         return claimed
 
@@ -150,7 +152,7 @@ class InMemoryScheduledTaskRepository:
         )
         if increment_run_count:
             task = replace(task, run_count=task.run_count + 1)
-        row.task = task
+        row.task = replace(task, version=task.version + 1)
         row.lease_owner = None
         row.lease_expires_at = None
 
@@ -166,7 +168,7 @@ class InMemoryScheduledTaskRepository:
         if row is None or row.task.user_id != user_id:
             return
         # Only the verdict; every scheduling field belongs to record_launch.
-        row.task = replace(row.task, last_error=error)
+        row.task = replace(row.task, last_error=error, version=row.task.version + 1)
         if status is not None:
             row.task = replace(row.task, status=status)
 
@@ -175,7 +177,7 @@ class InMemoryScheduledTaskRepository:
         for row in self._rows.values():
             stuck = row.task.status is TaskStatus.RUNNING and row.task.schedule.schedule_type is ScheduleType.ONCE and row.lease_expires_at is None
             if stuck:
-                row.task = replace(row.task, status=TaskStatus.CANCELLED, last_error=error)
+                row.task = replace(row.task, status=TaskStatus.CANCELLED, last_error=error, version=row.task.version + 1)
                 cancelled += 1
         return cancelled
 

backend/tests/test_schedule_service.py

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ from deerflow.domain.schedule.commands import (
     UpdateScheduledTask,
 )
 from deerflow.domain.schedule.exceptions import (
+    ConcurrentUpdateError,
     InvalidScheduleError,
     LaunchFailedError,
     LaunchIndeterminateError,
@@ -915,7 +916,10 @@ class TestTaskManagement:
 
         updated = await service.update_scheduled_task(UpdateScheduledTask(task_id=task.task_id, user_id="user-1"), now=NOW)
 
-        assert updated == task
+        # The write still commits (and bumps the version -- every committed
+        # write does), but no business field moves.
+        assert updated == replace(task, version=updated.version)
+        assert updated.version == task.version + 1
 
     async def test_update_can_change_the_prompt(self):
         service = make_service()
@@ -1045,3 +1049,79 @@ class TestTaskManagement:
         assert await service.list_tasks("someone-else") == []
         by_thread = await service.list_tasks_by_thread("user-1", "thread-1")
         assert [t.task_id for t in by_thread] == [bound.task_id]
+
+
+class _AlwaysStaleTaskRepo(_LaunchWritesMidReadTaskRepo):
+    """Every read races a `record_launch` commit, so no save can ever win."""
+
+    async def get(self, task_id: str, *, user_id: str):
+        self.arm()
+        return await super().get(task_id, user_id=user_id)
+
+
+class TestOptimisticLocking:
+    """A stale aggregate must not overwrite fields the run lifecycle owns.
+
+    `update/pause/resume` read the aggregate and later persist it whole; a
+    dispatch or completion can commit between those two operations. The save
+    is therefore a version compare-and-set: a stale write is refused, the
+    service re-reads and re-applies its intent, and only the requested change
+    lands -- never a rollback of `next_run_at` / `run_count` / `last_run_id`.
+    """
+
+    async def test_a_stale_update_does_not_roll_back_run_lifecycle_fields(self):
+        launch_next = NOW + timedelta(hours=1)
+        tasks = _LaunchWritesMidReadTaskRepo(launch_next_run_at=launch_next)
+        service = make_service(tasks=tasks)
+        task = await create_cron_task(service)
+        tasks.arm()
+
+        updated = await service.update_scheduled_task(
+            UpdateScheduledTask(task_id=task.task_id, user_id="user-1", title="Renamed"),
+            now=NOW,
+        )
+
+        assert updated.title == "Renamed"
+        # The launch bookkeeping that committed mid-update survives; on the
+        # whole-aggregate write shape these roll back and the next poll
+        # re-launches an already-executed occurrence.
+        assert updated.run_count == 1
+        assert updated.last_run_id == "run-1"
+        assert updated.next_run_at == launch_next
+
+    async def test_a_stale_pause_does_not_roll_back_run_lifecycle_fields(self):
+        launch_next = NOW + timedelta(hours=1)
+        tasks = _LaunchWritesMidReadTaskRepo(launch_next_run_at=launch_next)
+        service = make_service(tasks=tasks)
+        task = await create_cron_task(service)
+        tasks.arm()
+
+        updated = await service.pause_task(PauseTask(task_id=task.task_id, user_id="user-1"))
+
+        assert updated.status is TaskStatus.PAUSED
+        assert updated.run_count == 1
+        assert updated.next_run_at == launch_next
+
+    async def test_conflicts_exhaust_bounded_retries_and_surface(self):
+        """The retry loop is bounded: a write that keeps losing must surface
+        the conflict rather than spin or silently overwrite."""
+        tasks = _AlwaysStaleTaskRepo(launch_next_run_at=NOW + timedelta(hours=1))
+        service = make_service(tasks=tasks)
+        task = await create_cron_task(service)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ConcurrentUpdateError):
+            await service.update_scheduled_task(
+                UpdateScheduledTask(task_id=task.task_id, user_id="user-1", title="Renamed"),
+                now=NOW,
+            )
+
+    async def test_a_clean_save_bumps_the_version(self):
+        service = make_service()
+        task = await create_cron_task(service)
+
+        renamed = await service.update_scheduled_task(
+            UpdateScheduledTask(task_id=task.task_id, user_id="user-1", title="Renamed"),
+            now=NOW,
+        )
+
+        assert renamed.version == task.version + 1